In this work, pure BiFeO₃ and samples doped with different concentrations of chromium were synthesized to improve the optical properties and efficiency of solar cells based on BiFeO₃. The sol-gel method was used for synthesis due to its ability to produce nanostructured materials with high purity and good homogeneity, as well as the possibility of controlling the size and shape of the resulting particles. The samples were characterized by different analytical techniques. Thermal analysis results indicate that the dopant increases the weight loss of the sample from 61 to 81%, with an increase in the exothermal in the nucleation and crystallization temperature range. The X-ray diffraction patterns and UV-visible spectra show a dependence of the crystallite size and bandgap with respect to the amount of Cr dopant, decreasing from 168 to 73 nm and from 2.14 to 1.92 eV, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images display a decreasing grain size as a result of an increasing amount of dopant. The I-V analysis results show a 1% Cr-doped BiFeO₃ photovoltaic device exhibits enhanced photovoltaic performance with higher photocurrent and 4.17 times greater energy conversion efficiency compared with a pure BiFeO₃ photovoltaic device. For their behavior, Cr-doped BiFeO_3-based photoelectrodes are very promising materials for photovoltaic devices.

Arsenic (III) exposure, often from contaminated water, can have severe health repercussions. Chronic exposure to this toxic compound is linked to increased risks of various health issues. Various technologies exist for arsenic (III) removal from contaminated water sources. This work synthesized ZnO-CuO nanocomposites through ultrasound-assisted coprecipitation, generating abundant hydroxylated sites via the deposition of ZnO nanoparticles onto CuO sheets for enhanced arsenic (III) adsorption. Structural characterization verified the formation of phase-pure heterostructures with emergent properties. Batch studies demonstrated exceptional 85.63% As(III) removal at pH 5, where binding with prevalent neutral H₃AsO₃ occurred through inner-sphere complexation with protonated groups. However, competing anions decreased removal through site blocking. Favorable pseudo-second order chemisorption kinetics and the 64.77 mg/g maximum Langmuir capacity revealed rapid multilayer uptake, enabled by intrinsic synergies upon nanoscale mixing of Zn/Cu oxides. The straightforward, energy-efficient ultrasonic production route makes this material promising for real-world water treatment integration.

This study presents a sustainable and scalable biosynthesis method for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using Bacillus subtilis, focusing on their application in photocatalytic cyanide degradation in aqueous solutions. The bacterial strain was molecularly identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The optimized biosynthesis process yielded crystalline ZnO nanoparticles in the zincite phase with an average size of 21.87 ± 5.84 nm and a specific surface area of 27.02 ± 0.13 m²/g. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the formation of high-purity hexagonal ZnO (space group P63mc) with a bandgap of 3.20 eV. Photocatalytic tests under UV irradiation demonstrated efficient concentration-dependent cyanide degradation, achieving 75.5% removal at 100 ppm and 65.8% at 500 ppm within 180 min using 1.0 g/L ZnO loading. The degradation kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model with rate constants ranging from 6.64 × 10⁻³ to 3.98 × 10⁻³ min⁻¹. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the optimal crystallite size, high surface area, and surface defects identified through a microscopic analysis. These results establish biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles as promising eco-friendly photocatalysts for industrial wastewater treatment.

In this study, we synthesized pure and cobalt-doped NiTiO₃ perovskite nanostructures using a sol–gel method and characterized them to investigate the impact of cobalt incorporation on their photocatalytic hydrogen production under UV light. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of the hexagonal ilmenite structure, with lattice parameters increasing with cobalt doping, indicating the substitution of larger Co²⁺ ions onto smaller Ni²⁺ sites. Raman spectroscopy revealed a decrease in the intensity of active modes, suggesting crystal structure distortion and oxygen vacancy generation. UV-vis spectroscopy showed a decrease in bandgap energy from 2.24 to 2.16 eV with cobalt doping up to 5%, enhancing UV light absorption. SEM and TEM images revealed nanoparticle agglomeration, while cobalt doping did not significantly alter particle size up to 5% doping. Photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed an initial increase in PL intensity for NiTiO₃-1%Co, followed by a systematic decrease with higher cobalt concentrations, with NiTiO₃-10%Co exhibiting the lowest intensity. Photocatalytic experiments demonstrated a remarkable improvement in hydrogen evolution rate with increasing cobalt doping, with NiTiO₃-10%Co exhibiting the highest rate of 940 μmol∙g⁻¹·h⁻¹, a 60.4% increase compared to pure NiTiO₃. This enhanced performance is attributed to the substitution of Co²⁺ on Ni²⁺ sites, the modification of electronic structure, the suppression of electron–hole recombination, and the creation of surface catalytic sites induced by cobalt incorporation. The proposed mechanism involves the introduction of Co²⁺/Co³⁺ energy levels within the NiTiO₃ bandgap, facilitating charge separation and transfer, with the Co⁺/Co²⁺ redox couple aiding in suppressing electron–hole recombination. These findings highlight the potential of cobalt doping to tune the properties of NiTiO₃ perovskite for efficient hydrogen production under UV light.

Pure and Fe-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol–gel method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, BET, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show a dependence between the crystallite size and the amount of dopant, which decreases from 13.02 to 12.81 nm. The same behavior was observed in the optical properties, where the band gap decreased from 3.2 to 2.86 eV. The arsenic (V) adsorption was tested in aqueous solution containing 5 mg/L of arsenic and 0.5 g/L of adsorbent at pH 7 and in dark conditions. The results indicate that the TiO₂-B sample shows a higher arsenic removal, reaching 88% arsenic removal from the water at pH 7. Thus, it is also shown that the best performance occurs at pH 5, where it reaches an arsenic removal of 94%. Ion competition studies show that arsenic removal capacity is slightly affected by chloride, carbonate, nitrate, and sulfate ions. According to the results, the synthesized samples are a promising material for treating arsenic-contaminated water.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic performance of NiTiO₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites for solar hydrogen production. Through a carefully optimized sol–gel method, we synthesized a heterojunction photocatalyst comprising 99.2% NiTiO₃ and 0.8% anatase TiO₂. Extensive characterization using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, UV–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and TEM revealed the formation of an intimate heterojunction between rhombohedral NiTiO₃ and anatase TiO₂. The nanocomposite demonstrated remarkable improvements in optical and electronic properties, including enhanced UV–visible light absorption and an 85% reduction in charge carrier recombination compared to pristine NiTiO₃. Crystallite size analysis showed a reduction from 53.46 nm to 46.35 nm upon TiO₂ incorporation, leading to increased surface area and active sites. High-resolution TEM confirmed the formation of well-defined interfaces between NiTiO₃ and TiO₂, with lattice fringes of 0.349 nm and 0.249 nm corresponding to their respective crystallographic planes. Under UV irradiation, the NiTiO₃/TiO₂ nanocomposite exhibited superior photocatalytic performance, achieving a hydrogen evolution rate of 9.74 μmol min−1, representing a 17.1% improvement over pristine NiTiO₃. This enhancement is attributed to the synergistic effects of improved light absorption, reduced charge recombination, and efficient charge separation at the heterojunction interface. Our findings demonstrate the potential of NiTiO₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites as efficient photocatalysts for solar hydrogen production and contribute to the development of advanced materials for renewable energy applications.