In clinical practice, it is frequently observed that cardiac and psychological disorders frequently co-occur, leading to the emergence of a field known as cardiovascular disease with depression. Depression, in particular, poses a remarkable risk for the evolution of cardiovascular disease and intimately relates to adverse cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. Moreover, individuals who are depressed exhibit a higher susceptibility to developing cardiovascular disease compared to those in good health. Patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease with depression disease face a heightened risk of mortality within a 5-year timeframe, and their prognosis remains unsatisfactory even after receiving treatment targeting a single disorder, with a notable recurrence rate. Psychological interventions in conjunction with medications are commonly employed in clinical settings for treating patients with cardiovascular disease and depression diseases, albeit with limited effectiveness and unfavorable prognosis. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), such as Shuangxinfang, Chaihujialonggumuli, and Yixin Ningshen Tablet, etc., have been reported and have Therapeutic effects in patients with cardiovascular disease combined with depression. Despite numerous articles documenting a notable association between heart disease and depression, there exists a dearth of studies elucidating the precise pathogenesis and target of action for cardiovascular disease with depression diseases. This article endeavors to consolidate the epidemiological data, potential pathogenic mechanisms, and available treatment modalities for cardiovascular disease with depression diseases. Its primary objective is to unveil plausible co-morbid mechanisms and suitable treatment approaches, thereby offering novel insights for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular disease with depression diseases.

Atherosclerosis is one of the main complications of diabetes mellitus, involving a variety of pathogenic factors. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress are hallmarks of diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Although the ability of diabetes to promote atherosclerosis has been demonstrated, a deeper understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms is critical to identifying new targets. NLRP3 plays an important role in both diabetes and atherosclerosis. While the diversity of its activation modes is one of the underlying causes of complex effects in the progression of diabetes and atherosclerosis, it also provides many new insights for targeted interventions in metabolic diseases.

Lifestyle changes have led to increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD); therefore, potential targets against CVD should be explored to mitigate its risks. Adiponectin (APN), an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue, has numerous beneficial effects against CVD related to glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, including regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, increasing insulin sensitivity, reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, protection of myocardial cells, and improvement in endothelial cell function. These effects demonstrate the anti-atherosclerotic and antihypertensive properties of APN, which could aid in improving myocardial hypertrophy, and reducing myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury and myocardial infarction. APN can also be used for diagnosing and predicting heart failure. This review summarizes and discusses the role of APN in the treatment of CVD related to glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, and explores future APN research directions and clinical application prospects. Future studies should elucidate the signaling pathway network of APN cardiovascular protective effects, which will facilitate clinical trials targeting APN for CVD treatment in a clinical setting.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease associated with endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Glycolysis is a conservative and rigorous biological process that decomposes glucose into pyruvate. Its function is to provide the body with energy and intermediate products required for life activities. However, abnormalities in glycolysis flux during the progression of atherosclerosis accelerate the disease progression. Herein, we review the role of glycolysis in the development of atherosclerosis to provide new ideas for devising novel antiatherosclerosis strategies.