Background: The lipid-lowering treatment goal attainment rate is lower for women than for men among Chinese patients, but the reasons for this disparity have not been fully explored yet. Objectives: To elucidate the potential factors and the significance of their contributions towards the observed discrepancy in lipid-lowering treatment goal attainment rates between Chinese women and men. Methods: We used data from 1808 patients from 21 tertiary and 6 secondary hospitals in China who received and maintained statin therapy treatment for at least 2 months. Lipid-lowering treatment goal attainment was defined as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL- C) reaching the treatment targets recommended by the Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Control of Dyslipidemia in Adults. Logistic Regression was used to explore possible factors associated with gender disparity in goal attainment rates, and to what extent each factor contributes. Results: A total of 674 women and 1134 men were enrolled in the study. Women had a significantly lower LDL-C goal attainment rate than that of men (46.0% vs 53.8%, P = 0.002), particularly in high and very high CVD risk groups. Among high and very high risk patients, approximately 35%, 7%, 5%, and 5% of gender disparity in LDL-C goal attainment rate was attributable to the gender difference in baseline LDL-C level, cardiovascular co-morbidities and associated risk factors, socioeconomic status, and the dosage of statin treatment, respectively. Approximately 50% of the gender disparity remained unexplained by these factors. Conclusions: Although nearly half of the gender disparity in lipid-lowering treatment goal attainment rate can be explained by the gender differences in baseline lipid level, socioeconomic status, cardiovascular co-morbidities and associated risk factors, and the dosage of statin in high and very high CVD risk patients, the other half of the gender disparity remains unexplained and requires further study to fully understand what other factors are at play.

Background: The high heterosexual marriage rate could be a ‘double-edge’ sword for the emotional health of Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM). The aim of this study was to determine if current marriage and breakdown of marriage (divorce) have different effects on the mental health of Chinese MSM. Methods: Eight hundred seven MSM were recruited using respondent-driven sampling from four cities in northeastern China. Gay-related stressful events (GRSE) were measured using the Gay Related Stressful Life Events Scale; social support was measured by the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS); and depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), respectively. Results: Of the study participants, 13.4% were married to women and 4.5% were divorced. The rates of marriage or divorce were 35.3 and 75.8% for participants 30–39 and > 40 years of age, respectively. The current married MSM had the highest SDS (50.0 ± 10.9) and SSRS (35.8 ± 8.6) levels, but the lowest SAS (38.7 ± 12.1) levels. Divorced MSM had the highest SAS (44.4 ± 9.6) and lowest SSRS (30.8 ± 8.1) levels. Age, GESE number, and HIV infection were predictors for SDS and SAS, and current marriage was associated with significantly decreased level of SAS (β = − 0.136, P = 0.001) based on multiple linear analysis. Conclusions: Current marriage is associated with significantly decreased levels of anxiety symptoms among Chinese MSM. More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of different marriage status on the emotional distress of Chinese MSM.

Background: Although animal experiments have shown that spermidine (SPD) affects insulin resistance (IR), the evidence for this in humans is still scarce. We aimed to investigate the associations between serum SPD levels and the TyG index in the adult population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 4336 participants, all of whom were adults aged 35+ years. The SPD levels in serum were detected using high performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index was calculated as Ln [fasting triglycerides (TG) (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/²]. Results: After multivariable adjustment, including demographic characteristics, behavioral factors associated with heath, and a history of taking medicine, SPD was inversely associated with the TyG index (β = −0.036; SE: 0.009; p < 0.001). Furthermore, each increase of 1 lnSPD significantly decreased the risk of IR with an odds ratio (ORs) (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) of 0.89 (0.83–0.96). Relative to the first quintile, the multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the third and fourth quartile group were 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) and 0.71 (0.57, 0.88), respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, SPD was inversely associated with the TyG index. Our findings inform future exploratory research on the further mechanism of the association between spermidine and IR.

Background: Polyamines, including spermidine (SPD), spermine (SPM) and putrescine (PUT), are essential for cellular physiology and various cellular processes. This study aimed to examine the associations of dietary polyamines intake and all-cause mortality and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: This prospective cohort study included 184,732 participants without CVD at baseline from the UK Biobank who had completed at least one dietary questionnaire. Diet was assessed using Oxford WebQ, a web-based 24 h recall questionnaire, with polyamines intakes estimated from previous studies. Cox proportional models with restricted cubic splines were employed to investigate nonlinear associations. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality or incident CVD (including CVD death, coronary heart disease and stroke). Results: During a median follow-up period of 11.5 years, 7348 (3.9%) participants died and 12,316 (6.5%) developed incident CVD. Polyamines intake showed nonlinear associations with all-cause mortality and incident CVD (P for nonlinear < 0.01). Compared to the lowest quintile group of dietary polyamines intake (≤17.4 mg/day), the quintile 2 to 5 groups demonstrated a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, with the lowest risk in quintile 2 group (>17.4–22.3 mg/day) (HR:0.82, 95% CI: 0.76–0.88). Similar results were observed for incident CVD, with the lowest risk in the quintile 4 group (>27.1–33.5 mg/day) (HR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.82–0.92). Conclusions: We found that dietary polyamines intake was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality or incident CVD. Furthermore, our study identified an optimal range of dietary polyamines intake.

Background: To measure the effects of using different combinations of multiple informants and the impact score on the estimated prevalence of mental health problems in Chinese schoolchildren. Methods: Complete information on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were obtained from students (S), parents (P), and teachers (T) for 4986 schoolchildren (11–17 years-old). We used 3 criteria to determine the prevalence of mental health problems: SDQ cut-off value (previously established in the United Kingdom), SDQ cut-off value plus an impact score of 1 or more, or plus an impact score of 2 or more. A student was defined as having a mental health problem if any informant (S, P, or T) classified the child as ‘abnormal’. We compared the prevalence of mental health problems determined from 1 informant, 2 informants, and 3 informants. Results: The prevalence of overall mental health problems increased with rising number of informants, but decreased with increasing impact score. When the impact score was not considered, the prevalence was 8.2% to 14.2% when rated by 1 informant, 18.8% to 24.7% when rated by 2 informants, and 28.3% when rated by all 3 informants. Failure to measure the impact score led to a two to threefold greater estimate of the prevalence of mental health problems. Conclusions: The types, number, and combinations of multiple informants and use of the impact score must be considered when comparing the results of different studies. It is preferable to use multiple informants and have the impact score taken the impact into account to reflect the real burden of mental health burden in children and adolescent.

Background and aim: According to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4, premature mortality from four non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes mellitus, collectively referred to as NCD4) should achieve a minimum decline of 33% in 2030 relative to 2015. This remains a challenge for China. This study aimed to evaluate the current status and progress towards this target in Liaoning Province, one of the three provinces in northeast China. Methods: We calculated the premature mortality rates (PMRs) per year and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) from NCD4 using mortality data between 2004 and 2017. The trend was analyzed in the whole population, as well as in subpopulations of gender (male/female) and inhabiting area (urban/rural). PMRs from NCD4 for 2030 were projected by fitting a linear regression based on the current trend, which was identified by a Joinpoint model. Findings: In the whole population, only chronic respiratory diseases showed a significant decline (AAPC: − 6.5%, p < 0.05), while only cancer showed a significant increase (AAPC: + 1.3%, p < 0.05); taken together, NCD4 showed a significant increase (AAPC: + 0.6%, p < 0.05). In the subpopulations, while males showed a significant increase in NCD4 (AAPC: + 1.5%, p < 0.05), cardiovascular diseases (AAPC: + 1.7%, p < 0.05), cancer (AAPC: + 1.8%, p < 0.05), and diabetes mellitus (AAPC: + 4.2%, p < 0.05), females showed a significant decline in NCD4 (AAPC: − 1.2%, p < 0.05), cardiovascular diseases (AAPC: − 1.8%, p < 0.05), diabetes mellitus (AAPC: − 2.1%, p < 0.05), but showed a mild increase in cancer (AAPC: + 0.5%, p > 0.05). A comparative analysis of the projected PMRs for 2030 with the 2015 levels revealed that only chronic respiratory diseases are expected to achieve the SDG target 3.4, apart from in the urban male subpopulation. Conclusion: Except for chronic respiratory diseases, NCD4 cannot be expected to achieve the SDG target 3.4 in the whole population of Liaoning Province. Under these circumstances, special attention should be paid to reducing the risks of cancer and providing preventative interventions for men.