To cope with global carbon reduction pressure, improved agricultural production efficiency, and optimize regional sustainability, we constructed a data-driven evaluation and optimization method for agricultural environmental efficiency (AEE) under carbon constraints. This study constructs a comprehensive input-output AEE evaluation index system, incorporates carbon emissions from agricultural production processes as undesired outputs, and optimizes their calculation. The Minimum Distance to Strong Efficient Frontier evaluation model considering undesired output, and the kernel density estimation, are used to quantitatively evaluate AEE from static and dynamic perspectives. Tobit regression models are further used to analyze the driving influences of AEE and propose countermeasures to optimize AEE. The feasibility of the above methodological process was tested using 2015–2020 data from the Anhui Province, China. Although there is still scope for optimizing the AEE in Anhui, the overall trend is positive and shows a development trend of “double peaks”. The levels of education, economic development, agricultural water supply capacity, and rural management are important factors contributing to AEE differences in Anhui. Data and regression analysis results contribute to the optimization of AEE and proposes optimization strategies. This study provides extensions and refinements of the AEE evaluation and optimization, and contributes to sustainable development of regions.

This research aims to determine regional economic improvement to achieve a better Indonesian economy and accelerate the path to achieving a Golden Indonesia in 2045 so that it can be realized in a shorter time. This goal will be achieved with the help of statistical analysis methods, where the analysis used in this research is semiparametric truncated spline indirect effect and total effect analysis. The research becomes original in its approach with the utilization of this method and offers novel insights into the dynamics of regional economic development in Indonesia. These methods in this research serve as a tool for analyzing regional economic dynamics, identifying critical factors for improvement, informing policy decisions aimed at realizing Indonesia's economic aspirations for the future, and providing more flexible results to achieve the research objectives. The study was carried out on data with regional expenditure variables as exogenous variables, labor absorption variables as mediating endogenous variables, and regional economic growth variables as pure endogenous variables. The data used in the research are data published by the National/Provincial Central Bureau of Statistics in the form of the Indonesian Statistics Book, BPS publications in the form of Provinces, Provincial Government Financial Statistics, Directorate General of Financial Balance, Sumreg Bappenas, as well as from Ministries, Institutions or Agencies that related to providing data relating to the variables of this research in 2020. The results of this research are that the relationship between regional expenditure variables and labor absorption variables has a significant effect on regional economic growth variables.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between sustainability reporting and corporate performance moderated by the internationalization level of the firms. The sample for this empirical study is collected from the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)100 firms listed on Bursa Malaysia for a period of nine years from 2011 to 2019. We examine the sustainability reporting based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standard with the G4 guideline, in which a content analysis method has been employed to obtain the Sustainability Reporting Index (SRI). The moderating variable for this study is the internationalization level, which is proxied by foreign sales generated. The findings demonstrate that sustainability reporting disclosure has no effect on corporate performance. However, internationalization improves corporate performance but serves no moderation role in the relationship between sustainability reporting and corporate performance. We conclude that there is no evidence to substantiate the claim that companies that disclose more in their sustainability reporting perform better, and this may be because Malaysian corporations are still new to non-financial reporting. We believe that although sustainability reporting is costly, sustainability reporting is able to enhance the reputation of firms in the international market. Sequentially, a highly internationalized firm with more sustainability reporting disclosures may bring wealth to the company in the long run.

HRMARS is well established journal publisher based in Pakistan. It is publishing prominent journals in social sciences since 2011.