Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common diseases leading to physical disability, with age being the main risk factor, and degeneration of articular cartilage is the main focus for the pathogenesis of OA. Autophagy is a crucial intracellular homeostasis system recycling flawed macromolecules and cellular organelles to sustain the metabolism of cells. Growing evidences have revealed that autophagy is chondroprotective by regulating apoptosis and repairing the function of damaged chondrocytes. Then, OA is related to autophagy depending on different stages and models. In this review, we discuss the character of autophagy in OA and the process of the autophagy pathway, which can be modulated by some drugs, key molecules and non-coding RNAs (microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs). More in-depth investigations of autophagy are needed to find therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers through in vitro and in vivo situations, making autophagy a more effective way for OA treatment in the future. The aim of this review is to introduce the concept of autophagy and make readers realize its impact on OA. The database we searched in is PubMed and we used the keywords listed below to find appropriate article resources.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) and new-onset hematological malignancy. We conducted a 17-year nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study to examine the association between NTS and the risk of hematological malignancies by using the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) of Taiwan. Participants were enrolled from 2000 to 2015 and were monitored until 2017. We traced the years 1998–2000 to ensure that the cases included were newly diagnosed with NTS. The NTS cohort included 13,790 patients with newly diagnosed NTS between 2000 and 2015. Each patient was propensity score matched at a 1:4 ratio with people without NTS. Cumulative incidence, hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated after adjusting for age, sex, income, urbanization, and medical comorbidities. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of hematological malignancies for NTS patients relative to those without NTS was 1.42 (95% CI 0.91–2.20). In the age subgroup analysis, NTS had a significantly greater risk of hematological malignancies for patients older than 60 (aHR 3.04, 95% CI 1.46–6.34), with an incidence rate of 11.7 per 10,000 person-years. In patients over 60 years of age, a prominent risk of hematological malignancies was observed at a follow-up of more than 3 years after the index date (aHR 3.93, 95% CI 1.60–9.65). A history of NTS is associated with the risk of subsequent hematological malignancies in Taiwanese subjects older than 60.