Scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, is the most destructive fungal disease of apple worldwide. Apple scab incidence was studied in apple orchards in the south and southeast of Kazakhstan, including the Almaty, Zhambyl, and Turkestan regions, during 2022 and 2023. Disease incidence was higher in the Zhambyl region than in the Turkestan and Almaty regions in both years. The field evaluation suggested that 19 genotypes showed resistance to apple scab. Molecular screening was carried out using eight gene-specific molecular markers (AM19, CH05e03, OPL19, Hi07f02, AL07, K08, HB09, and CH02f06). The results of the molecular screening revealed that in 38 of the 45 studied cultivars, which included 11 Kazakh cultivars and 34 foreign cultivars, the Rvi (Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi5, Rvi6, Rvi8, Rvi9, Rvi11, Rvi14, and Rvi15) resistance genes were amplified. Resistance genes such as Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi6, and Rvi9 are still useful for breeding, but their use is recommended only in extended pyramids of multiple resistance genes. Several cultivars will be strong candidates for further breeding programs against apple scab and for the pyramiding of scab resistance genes in new cultivars.

Stem rust disease is widespread in the wheat-growing regions of Kazakhstan. Despite a large number of studies, the protection of wheat from the pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is considered one of the crucial problems. Chemical control has almost no impact on this disease and no exact result. The only effective way to control this disease is to cultivate resistant varieties and lines. Currently, 60 Sr resistance genes are known. Among them, Sr2, Sr22, Sr25/Lr19, Sr28, Sr36, and Sr39 gene sources are efficient at stem rust disease in different conditions of Kazakhstan. The molecular markers Xgwm533, CFA2019, PSY-E1, wPt-7004, Xgwm319 and Sr39#50 linked to Sr2, Sr22, Sr25/Lr19, Sr28, Sr36 and Sr39 were used, respectively. As a result of PCR analysis, the Sr2 gene was identified in six lines out of 16 lines, namely, GA951395-10-7/WX98D011-U38, Select, GA961565-27-6/KS99U673, GA961662-1-7/TAM107, VA01W-283/WX030513 and Sonalika. Five wheat lines were found as carriers of the Sr22 gene: Line c-19SB, Lutescens 7-04-4, Lutescens 220-03-45, GA961662-1-7/TAM107 and Line D 25 77. There are three lines that are carriers of Sr25/Lr19 gene sources, namely, Lutescens 220-03-45, Advance, and Line D 25 77. The Sr28 gene was identified in four wheat genotypes (GA951395-10-7/WX98D011-U38, Select, Advance and VA01W-283/WX03ASHTS0513) and the positive control W2691Sr2Bkt. An expected fragment (170 bp) for Xgwm319 properly for Sr36 gene was identified in four lines (GA951395-10-7/WX98D011-U38, Advance, VA01W-283/WX03ASHTS0513, GA961662-1-7/TAM107). The 10 wheat varieties were identified using primers Sr39 # 50R/F (Line C-19SB, Omskaya 37, Lutescens 7-04-4, Lutescens 220-03-45, Select, GA951395-10-7 / WX98D011-U38, Advance, GA961662-1-7 / TAM107’, VA01W-283/WX03ASHTS0513 and Line D 25 77). The studied sources of resistance can be used in breeding programs to create varieties of common wheat with durable resistance to stem rust.

Wheat is an important global food security commodity; however, its production is affected by abiotic and biotic stresses associated with climate change. Therefore, a study was conducted during 2019-21 at Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Crop Production, Almaty, Kazakhstan to evaluate the effects of salicylic and oxalic acid on the stress tolerance and yield of wheat (cv. Arai). The three-factorial field study was laid out in RBD comprising of different rates of salicylic acid (0, 0.25 and 0.50 mM), and oxalic acid (0, 0.10, and 0.20 mM) which were applied via foliar and seed treatments. Both salicylic and oxalic acid exerted significant main effects on wheat without any interactions. While polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities increased by salicylic acid, polyphenol oxidase activity decreased (by 16%) by oxalic acid. Foliar treatment of both salicylic and oxalic acids increased enzyme activities than the seed treatment. Wheat spikelet (by 14-8%) and grain yield (by 5-8%) were increased by 0.25 and 0.50 mM salicylic acid, compared to the control. Likewise, grain yield significantly increased by 9-19% with 0.10 and 0.20 mM oxalic acid, respectively. Oxalic acid significantly improved the wheat stress tolerance than that of the salicylic acid. Results suggested that 0.50 mM salicylic acid or 0.20 mM oxalic acid, or in combination, can be applied to improve wheat stress tolerance and grain yield.

The issue which affected the quality and availability of wheat is not only abiotic and biotic stresses but also climate change.Approximately, a third of agricultural production is produced through out the use of pesticides. Pesticides have harmful impacts on the crops, beneficial microorganisms and the health of human beings. Thus, alternative or chemical-free methods of plant protection prevent from the risks of causing by chemicals. In this study, in order to gain constant dry weight of root an shoot, shoot and root of wheat at three leaves stage were pulled out from the soil then they are separated. In order to a get constant dry weight shoot and root of wheat in an thermostat set to 100 C for 30 minutes. Immediately after cooling, the plants were weighed on a scale. Salicylic acid rates were 0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM, and the oxalic acid rates were 0, 0.1, and 0.2 mM, which were applied via foliar vs. seed treatments. In this experiment the highest germination percentage observed in 0.50mM SA+0.20mM OA and 0.20Mm OA with 99% and 98% respectively compared to 87.7% germination in the control. When treated with salicylic acid and oxalic acid as chemical inducers by seed treatment or foliar spray, affected growth and yield of wheat (Tables 2-5). These studies can be important for research works which is to the proposed to protect wheat crops from abiotic and biotic stresses