The recent rapid economic development in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has led to atmospheric destruction; therefore, it is imperative to solve the issue of atmospheric environmental pollution to ensure stable long-term development. Based on the NO₂ column concentration observed by the TROPOMI (a tropospheric monitoring instrument) on the Sentinel-5P, the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of the NO₂ column concentration in the YRD from 2019 to 2020 were analyzed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, and the Geographical Detector (Geodetector) model was used to determine the driving factors of the NO₂ column concentration. The results show that the correlation between the NO₂ column concentration and the ground-monitored NO₂ concentrations reached 70%. The annual variation trend of the NO₂ column concentration exhibited a ‘U’-shaped curve, with the characteristics of ‘high in winter and low in summer, with a transition between spring and autumn’. It exhibited obvious agglomeration characteristics in terms of the spatial distribution, with a high-value agglomeration in the central region of the YRD, followed by the northern region, and a low-value agglomeration in the southern region, with higher altitudes. The change in the NO₂ column concentration in the YRD was affected by both physical geographical factors and socio-economic factors; it is clear that the influence of socio-economic factors has increased.