Cytogenomic mutations and chromosomal abnormality are implicated in the neuropathology of several brain diseases. Cell heterogeneity of brain tissues makes their detection and validation difficult, however. In the present study, we analyzed gene dosage alterations in brain DNA of schizophrenia patients and compared those with the copy number variations (CNVs) identified in schizophrenia patients as well as with those in Asian lymphocyte DNA and attempted to obtain hints at the pathological contribution of cytogenomic instability to schizophrenia. Brain DNA was extracted from postmortem striatum of schizophrenia patients and control subjects (n = 48 each) and subjected to the direct two color microarray analysis that limits technical data variations. Disease-associated biases of relative DNA doses were statistically analyzed with Bonferroni’s compensation on the premise of brain cell mosaicism. We found that the relative gene dosage of 85 regions significantly varied among a million of probe sites. In the candidate CNV regions, 26 regions had no overlaps with the common CNVs found in Asian populations and included the genes (i.e., ANTXRL, CHST9, DNM3, NDST3, SDK1, STRC, SKY) that are associated with schizophrenia and/or other psychiatric diseases. The majority of these candidate CNVs exhibited high statistical probabilities but their signal differences in gene dosage were less than 1.5-fold. For test evaluation, we rather selected the 10 candidate CNV regions that exhibited higher aberration scores or larger global effects and were thus confirmable by PCR. Quantitative PCR verified the loss of gene dosage at two loci (1p36.21 and 1p13.3) and confirmed the global variation of the copy number distributions at two loci (11p15.4 and 13q21.1), both indicating the utility of the present strategy. These test loci, however, exhibited the same somatic CNV patterns in the other brain region. The present study lists the candidate regions potentially representing cytogenomic CNVs in the brain of schizophrenia patients, although the significant but modest alterations in their brain genome doses largely remain to be characterized further.

Objective/Background: Although a number of studies have considered the effects of reminiscence therapy, none have examined whether a therapy that combines reminiscence with productive activity has a beneficial effect on elderly dementia patients. This study tests our hypothesis that productive activities with reminiscence in occupational therapy (PAROT) can alleviate depressive symptoms and improve task performance of elderly dementia patients. Methods: Thirty-six patients with dementia were randomly divided into two groups, namely, an intervention group (n = 17) and a control group (n = 19). The intervention group had six activity sessions (making rice balls and cakes; one session/week) while reminiscing about the activity. Measurements were performed using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), Multidimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects (MOSES), Vitality Index, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The performance of the patients was assessed based on photographs of the products after the first and sixth sessions. Results: Six patients dropped out while the study was in progress, thus leaving 15 patients in the intervention group and 15 patients in the control group. The scores of depression symptoms in CSDD and MOSES were significantly improved for the intervention group, while within-group comparison showed no significant differences in CSDD, MOSES, or MMSE total scores. In terms of task performance, 88% of the patients in the intervention group, including two patients with severe dementia, showed significant improvement in making the product. Conclusion: Our study suggests that PAROT may alleviate depressive symptoms and improve the task performance of elderly people with dementia.