Cracks in concrete structures reduce bearing capacity, durability, and safety. This paper reveals the effect of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) on the self-healing property of pre-damaged concrete based on mechanical properties tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometer. The experimental results show that SAP reduces the mechanical properties of the SAP-modified concrete under the same W/C ratio, but a small amount of SAP can improve the later strength under the 0.35 W/C ratio. The addition of SAP increased the volume of small capillary pores (100 μm) and significantly reduced the former with an increase in age. The SEM-EDS analysis indicates that the water released by SAP promotes the formation of C-S-H gel. AFt in the cracks is the main reason for self-healing, and the addition of CO₂ to produce calcium carbonate is another one. Furthermore, this study finds that SAP-modified concrete has the best self-healing effect and the densest structure when the W/C ratio is 0.35 and the SAP content is 0.25%. The self-healing performance makes the SAP-modified concrete have broad application prospects.

The safe thickness of concrete retaining walls for curtain grouting on tunnel faces is an essential factor related to tunnel safety and grouting effects. In this research, the concrete retaining wall was simplified into a standard rectangular slab structure. The Rankine active earth pressure theory and the plastic hinge theory were used to analyze the lateral force of the concrete retaining wall. By deriving the safety-thickness equation of the concrete retaining wall, a quantitative criterion that can display the mechanism of the concrete retaining wall was obtained. The traditional empirical formula and Kalmykov formula had a particular connection with the method in this paper in determining the safe thickness of the concrete retaining wall. This was negatively related to the compressive (tensile) strength of the concrete and the groundwater level and positively associated with the buried depth of the tunnel. The conversion relationship between the traditional empirical formula and the theoretical formula was established, and the exact solution formula for the value of safety coefficient K₀ was given. Finally, the rationality of the theoretical formula was verified by a field test, in novel work that provides a reference for similar projects.

Numerical dispersion limits the accuracy of finite-difference elastic-wave modeling, particularly when relatively short spatial stencils are used. This study evaluates staggered-grid spatial-derivative coefficients obtained using a constrained simulated-annealing procedure and compares their spectral and numerical behavior primarily with Taylor-expansion coefficients within the same numerical framework. The coefficient design minimizes the maximum absolute spectral approximation error over a prescribed normalized-wavenumber interval while enforcing first-derivative consistency and an alternating, decreasing-magnitude coefficient pattern. The homogeneous and modified Marmousi examples indicate reduced visible dispersion relative to Taylor coefficients at the same stencil half-length. Least-squares coefficients are retained only as an additional qualitative reference in the homogeneous-model tests. The conclusions are limited to the tested two-dimensional isotropic models, grid spacing, time step, and source frequencies.