Objective: Prostate cancer, the second most diagnosed cancer among men, requires precise diagnostic techniques to ensure effective treatment. This review explores the technological advancements, optimal application conditions, and benefits of targeted prostate biopsies facilitated by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to compare traditional 12-core systematic biopsies guided by transrectal ultrasound with targeted biopsy techniques using mpMRI. We searched electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2015 to December 2024 using keywords such as “targeted prostate biopsy”, “fusion prostate biopsy”, “cognitive prostate biopsy”, “MRI-guided biopsy”, and “transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy”. Studies comparing various biopsy methods were included, and data extraction focused on study characteristics, patient demographics, biopsy techniques, diagnostic outcomes, and complications. Conclusion: mpMRI-guided targeted biopsies enhance the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer while reducing unnecessary biopsies and the detection of insignificant cancers. These targeted approaches preserve or improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes, minimizing the risks associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment. By utilizing mpMRI, targeted biopsies allow for precise targeting of suspicious regions within the prostate, providing a cost-effective method that reduces the number of biopsies performed. This review highlights the importance of integrating advanced imaging techniques into prostate cancer diagnosis to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

Introduction: Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare condition which causes common symptoms and may mimic other conditions. Eosinophilic cystitis has several causes such as hypereosinophilic syndrome, inflammatory diseases, neoplasia, parasites or fungal infection, IgE‐related diseases, Drug Reaction and Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, or Churg‐Strauss syndrome. Therefore, differential diagnosis is difficult.Case presentation: We report the case of a middle‐aged man affected by eosinophilic cystitis with persistent hematuria and other peculiar symptoms that may be brought back to hypereosinophilic crisis.Conclusion: Conservative approach is preferred, avoiding radical cystectomy rather than corticosteroid, antihistaminic and second line therapy. Hyperbaric therapy is an innovative approach for severe relapsing gross hematuria without specific literature and should be studied for further indications.

Background: We investigated the predictive role of prostatic morphology on preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. Methods: Patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy between February 2018 and October 2021 and who were not previously incontinent, did not undergo radiotherapy, hormone therapy, or transurethral resection of the prostate, and who had a follow-up longer than 12 months were selected. For each patient, a radiology physician evaluated the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, measuring prostatic and membranous urethral length, classifying prostatic apex according to the Lee Type, and estimating the presence of the median lobe and its intravesical protrusion. Multivariate logistic regression models evaluated the influence of anatomic features measured in magnetic resonance imaging on urinary continence recovery, defined as daily pad usage less than or equal to one, considering age, body mass index, prostate volume, International Prostatic Symptoms Score, the usage of a nerve sparing technique, and the International Society of Urological Pathology classification. Results: A total of 95 patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy were enrolled. Median age, median body mass index, and median PSA density were respectively 66 years (62, 70), 26.12 kg/m² (23.88, 28.09), and 0.16 ng/mL/cc (0.10, 0.26). Patients with urinary continence ranged from 32 (33.7%) at baseline to 93 (97.8%) after one year from surgery. At preoperative magnetic resonance, Lee Type was almost equally distributed, but Type C was less represented (18 patients, 18.9%) and Type D was more frequent (31 patients, 32.2%). Median prostatic urethral length, median membranous urethral length, and median intravesical prostatic protrusion were respectively 36 mm (31, 42), 15 mm (13, 16), and 0 mm (0, 0). Multivariate logistic regression models showed no statistical significance, except for Lee Type C and A comparison at vesical catheter removal after surgery (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.04–0.71; p-value 0.01). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that patients who had Lee Type C might have higher probability of early urinary continence recovery, but no further statistically significant correlations were found.

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) significantly impacts quality of life. For patients unresponsive to conservative treatments, penile prosthesis implantation represents an effective solution with high satisfaction rates. However, the complexity and sensitive nature of the procedure often generate multiple patient concerns. Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots such as ChatGPT are increasingly used for medical information, although concerns remain regarding accuracy and misinformation. This study aimed to evaluate the clarity, accuracy, and clinical appropriateness of ChatGPT's responses to frequently asked questions (FAQs) on penile prosthesis surgery. Methods: Fifteen representative FAQs were identified from patient forums and educational platforms. Questions were submitted to ChatGPT (GPT‐4, November 2024) in a single session. A panel of seven expert urologists evaluated responses using a four‐point Likert scale across four domains: clarity, medical accuracy, relevance, and risk of misinformation. Results: All responses achieved mean scores above 3, indicating overall clinical acceptability. The highest ratings were observed for relevance (3.40 ± 0.54) and clarity (3.37 ± 0.57). Slightly lower scores were reported for medical accuracy (3.19 ± 0.67) and risk of misinformation (3.18 ± 0.59). A strong positive correlation was found between clarity and relevance ( ρ = 0.80), while medical accuracy correlated with lower misinformation risk ( ρ = 0.77). Conclusions: ChatGPT provides generally clear, relevant, and clinically acceptable responses for patient education in penile prosthesis surgery, although minor clarifications are often required. It may serve as a supportive tool to complement traditional counseling but cannot replace physician–patient communication, which remains essential for individualized care and informed decision‐making.

Objective: To evaluate the rate, timing, and predictors of additional therapy among women with idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB) following initial minimally invasive therapies (MIT). Study Design: Retrospective single center cohort study of women with idiopathic OAB treated between 2012 and 2021. Using ICD and procedural codes, we identified women who underwent posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), sacral neuromodulation (SNM), or intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA (BTX). The primary outcome was receipt of additional OAB treatments including OAB medication and/or a different MIT after initial clinical response to MIT. Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated time to additional therapies; Cox proportional hazards and random survival forest models identified predictors. Results: 1,007 women were included (PTNS: 459; SNM: 192; BTX: 356). At three years, 68% of PTNS patients, 52% of BTX patients, and 40% of SNM women required additional therapies with most patients receiving a prescription for additional pharmacotherapy rather than receiving a different MIT. Median time to additional treatments was 12 months (PTNS), 30 months (BTX), and 53 months (SNM). Multiple indications for SNM were associated with decreased hazard for AT (HR 0.56 95% CI 0.33-0.95, p=0.03) while recurrent urinary tract infections were associated with needing additional therapies in the BTX cohort (HR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.2). Conclusions: Following initial MIT for idiopathic OAB, many women required additional treatment within three years, with most receiving a prescription for pharmacotherapy rather than receiving another MIT. Why This Matters: Overactive bladder (OAB) affects over 33% of women in the United States, and current AUA/SUFU guidelines have shifted from traditional stepwise therapy toward shared decision-making and multimodal treatment. While minimally invasive therapies (MIT) are effective options for OAB, real-world data on patient trajectories after MIT initiation, including rates of treatment augmentation, crossover, or return to pharmacotherapy, remain limited. This retrospective cohort of 1,007 women with idiopathic OAB provides novel data on post-MIT OAB therapy, with 40–68% of patients requiring additional therapy within three years. We noted significant differences in baseline characteristics and treatment tractories between the groups of patients stratified by first MIT and could not directly compare rates of AT between MITs. Factors associated with additional therapy included recurrent urinary tract infections after BTX, whereas multiple indications for SNM were associated with decreased use of AT. Most women who required additional treatment received pharmacotherapy rather than crossing over to a different MIT. These findings reinforce that OAB management is a dynamic, ongoing process rather than a one-time intervention, and that additional therapy is common. Clinicians can use these data to set realistic expectations during counseling, framing additional therapy as a common and anticipated part of the treatment trajectory rather than a treatment failure.