Getting children vaccinated amidst prevailing barriers to immunisation has been challenging in both developed and developing countries. To address these problems, studies on parental reminder strategies were conducted to improve immunisation outcomes in children. These led to the development of different parental reminder interventions. This review systematically reviews different parental interventions and their cost implication for improved immunisations. Five online databases; Medline Complete, the Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], Academic search premier, SPORTDiscus, and Health Source Nursing/Academic were searched using search terms. A total of 24 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Studies that provided sufficient information were included for meta-analysis using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version three, while narrative synthesis was used for the other studies. Results indicate that a heterogeneous and low-quality certainty of evidence on parental voice calls (OR 4.752, 95% CI 1.846–12.231, p = 0.001) exists in improving immunisation coverage. Regarding immunisation timeliness, a high-quality certainty of evidence on Short Message Services (SMS)-delivered health education messages (OR 2.711 95% CI 1.387–5.299, p = 0.004) had more effect on timely immunisation uptake. The average cost of SMS-delivered parental reminder interventions for improved immunisation outcomes was USD 0.50. The study concludes that mobile technology is a promising, cost-effective strategy for improved immunisation outcomes.

Background: Obesity is the most common health concern among the public worldwide. Weight gain among students occurred during their college years, when physical activity and dietary patterns were observed to change. The Health Belief Model (HBM) depicts the role of anticipating and justifying the causes of a person's transformation or maintenance of specific health behaviors. Objective: This study determines the prevalence of obesity and the differences in weight management behaviours with gender among university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, involving 377 respondents (122 males and 255 females) aged 18-26 years from February to April 2021. Health Belief Model (HBM) questionnaire on Weight Management Behaviors was used as a research tool in this study. Results: The findings showed that the majority of the respondents have a normal Body Mass Index (BMI) (n=214, 56.8%), followed by overweight (n=66, 17.5%), underweight (n=63, 16.7%) and obese (n=34, 9.0%). Independent t-test showed that female students significantly have more perceived susceptibility and cues to action than males (p<0.05). While, male students significantly have a high score in weight management behaviour for perceived benefits, perceived self-efficacy in dieting, and behavioural intention of weight management compared to female (p<0.05). Conclusion: Health interventions such as nutrition education regarding healthy food preparation and exercise schedule, including duration and types of activity, should increase female students' motivation and confidence in managing weight. Besides, an awareness campaign regarding the risk of obesity focusing on the male students must be created to generate awareness and prevention of obesity.

The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of obesity and health-promoting lifestyles among nurses in a tertiary hospital, Malaysia. Descriptive cross-sectional study of 417 nurses was conducted between July and August 2022 using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) scale. The study found majority of the respondents were obese (n = 233, 55.9%). The total score of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) was 142.46±22.70. Body Mass Index and health responsibility were statistically correlated (r = 0.129, p = 0.009). Obesity among nurses is prevalent. Body weight management and exercise programs should be implemented to achieve healthy lifestyle among nurses.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is believed to have had health benefits in treating hypertension inpast decades, especially in rural areas. However, CAM is often not supported by scientific evidence. Thus, awarenessof the possible toxicity of CAM in the self-management of health is crucial. This study aims to identify CAM users’prevalence, beliefs, health literacy, and examine the associated factors for the self-management of hypertension.This cross-sectional study used a set of questionnaires consisting of demographic data, health-related characteristics, the Montana State University CAM Health Literacy Scale, the Hypertension Self-Care Activity Level Effect (H-SCALE), and the Beliefs About Medicine Questionnaire (BMQ). The study employed simple random sampling, and it was conducted in four health clinics located in Jerantut, Pahang, from January 2021 to May 2021. The analysis involved a total of 233 hypertensive patients. The study found that 60.9% (n = 142) of the participants used CAM within the last 12 months to treat hypertension, with herbs (n = 71, 50%) being the most preferred alternative medication. Most of the respondents had adequate health literacy regarding CAM usage (mean 44.50 ± 5.67) and held a positive perception toward CAM with Specific-Necessity (mean 17.61 ± 2.91) higher than Specific-Concern (mean 15.02 ± 3.40). The results showed that 96.1% (n = 224) reported adherence to alcohol cessation, 65.7% (n = 153) reported adherence to taking medication, 62.7% (n = 146) reported adherence to quitting smoking, 39.9% (n = 93) reported adherence to good weight management, 25.3% (n = 59) reported adherence to active physical activity, and only 14.2% (n = 33) reported adherence to take a healthy diet. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the female gender was linked to non-adherence with taking medication while having higher health literacy was related to greater adherence to medication. The study also found that female gender was associated with non-adherence with quitting smoking, which was accompanied by a higher belief about medication specificnecessity. In contrast, older age was related to better adherence to quitting smoking. Factors such as being female, having longer disease duration, and having higher health literacy were associated with non-adherence with weight management, while having formal education and a stronger belief in the importance of specific medication were linked to greater adherence to weight management. The study found that a higher belief in the importance of specific medication and being female were related to non-adherence with quitting alcohol use. This study may provide a better understanding of CAM usage among people with hypertension with significant concerns over safety and interaction with the standards prescribed treatment. Further intervention is needed to decrease the possibility of complications and optimize self-management of hypertension with the use of CAM.

Caring for critically ill patients may have a negative impact on nurses’ professional quality of life (ProQOL), includingtheir compassion satisfaction (CS), burnout (BO), and secondary traumatic stress (STS), leading to nurses’ turnoverand concerns about the quality of care provided. Spiritual intelligence (SI) has been considered an important qualityin most professions in recent years, but there is limited research on its role in contributing to the ProQOL of nurses.Therefore, it is crucial to understand the role of SI and its relationship with professional nurses’ ProQOL. This studyaimed to determine the level of SI and ProQOL among critical care nurses in private hospitals. Followed by examining the relationship between SI and demographic data towards the dimension of ProQOL. A multisite study using a cross-sectional design was conducted on 136 nurses working at three private hospitals in Malaysia from March 2021 to March 2022 via an online survey. Data was gathered using the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24) and the Professional Quality of Life Version 5 (ProQOL-5), and descriptive and multivariate analyses were run using SPSS. SI among nurses was found at moderate to high levels of (61.30 ± 12.95), and the majority nurses had a moderate level of CS (72.1%), BO (77.2%), and STS (75.0%). In regression, there was a statistically significant relationship between SI toward CS (β = 0.61, t = 9.79, p < 0.01) and BO (β = -0.31, t = -4.19, p < 0.01), suggesting that CS levels were significantly higher with increasing SI levels, and BO levels significantly reduced with increasing SI levels. Also, female nurses are predicted to have a higher level of BO than male nurses (β = 0.20, t = 2.77, p = 0.01). The study’s results suggested that a holistic strategic approach is needed to improve CS and mitigate the negative component of ProQOL (BO and STS) by utilizing SI. It is hoped that nursing education institutes and hospital organizations can contribute to cultivating SI among nurses with extra consideration given to female nurses.

Caring behaviour is essential and crucial to nursing, and it has become an important component in providing appropriate nursing care to patients. This study aims to determine the effect(s) of a caring-based education program on critical care nurses' caring behaviour, efficacy, and work environment. This study will employ a quasi-experimental design with two groups: control (n = 40) and intervention (n = 40) from critical care settings in Penang public hospitals. The data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis; Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and paired t-test.