The purpose of this paper is to provide a high-level overview of the most important non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) protocols in 5G and 6G networks that incorporate code division within the context of 3GPP standardization. The article’s objective is also to look into and compare the various strategies that have been proposed as a solution to the issue of resource distribution to achieve high performance. Many different NOMA plans for 5G and 6G systems have been suggested by a multitude of businesses. NOMA is currently developing in two primary directions: one of them is with power division, and the other is with code division. During the process of standardization carried out by the 3GPP, the attention of the developers was concentrated in the second direction for the application of NOMA schemes in 5G and 6G systems. Hardware communication, also known as D2D communication, performs a significant role in the process of communication between devices. This will increase the efficiency with which network resources are utilized. Devices are now able to interact directly with one another, avoiding the need for transmission nodes. It also serves as one of the approaches to the problem of limited network coverage, which can be improved by utilizing D2D, and as a result fees and energy can be reduced. Increasing the size of the network is one way to achieve this goal, the explained of NOMA technology as well as its primary benefits in wireless technology. The most common variants of code division NOMA and the characteristics of those variants are discussed, as well as the opportunities and challenges associated with implementing those variants. NOMA protocols allow continuous expansion of wireless communication networks, i.e., 5G and 6G, which leads to enhanced performance of the networks.

In this paper proposed realization of resource blocks allocation in LTE downlink in the form of nonlinear optimization. In using improved model it is possible to avoid the control variables Boolean nature, which has a positive impact on the computational complexity of final technological solutions for resource allocation. Problem of RAT 1 was reduced to the problem solution of nonlinear optimization. In solving this problem minimized both the number of resource blocks used, and downlink bandwidth.

The exponential development of wireless applications has increased problems in the spectrum. The unlicensed frequency spectrum is becoming highly saturated, in order to support the conditions of new radio devices with increasing data rates. The spectrum that has previously been allocated is also unused. As a consequence of these developments, scientists have been putting a lot of effort into developing an approach to the issue of the limited spectrum that could make it possible to create a more effective utilization of it. As cognitive radio permits opportunistic use of the licensed spectrum in less crowded areas, it has been proposed as a solution to this challenge. This paper provides an overview of the cognitive radio environment, including a dynamic spectrum access strategy, as well as additional information on the cognitive capabilities operating in combination IoT communication technologies. We investigate the utilization of cognitive radio in the Internet of Things along with the significant role that cognitive radio plays in making the Internet of Things possible. Cognitive radio will provide a comprehensive examination of spectrum sensing, which will cover the many types of sensing, sensing that is based on machine learning, as well as open topics that still need to be addressed further in this sector. This research paper is written in a way that provides detailed instructions for the purpose of assisting new researchers in the area of Cognitive Radio Networks.

The investigation of the balancing model of resource blocks allocation in LTE downlink is presented. The novelty of model is that it can be used to describe the process of resource blocks allocation in LTE downlink with regard to user equipment requests priority. The application of the model allows optimizing the process of resource allocation in LTE downlink in order to solve the problem by mixed-integer linear programming. The advantage of the model is that the balancing of resource blocks number allocated to each of user equipment is performed on the basis of QoS requirements: the demanded bit rate, the priority and resource type (with or without guarantee). The results of research confirmed the efficiency of model and adequacy of solutions obtained on its basis.

It is proposed to improve the method of balanced queue management on routers interfaces of telecommunication networks. The novelty of the method is to provide a consistent solution to the problem of aggregation and distribution of packet flows among queues, as well as the problem of a balanced allocation of interface bandwidth in accordance with the principles of the Traffic Engineering Queues concept. This was done in the course of reducing the agreed solution of technological problems to the solution of the optimization problem of linear programming.

The balanced queue management scheme on the interfaces of routers of telecommunication networks has been developed. The novelty of the proposed scheme lies in the application of the two-level method of calculation. At the first level, the problem of allocation and optimal aggregation of packet flows by queues formed on the router interface is solved. At the second level, the problem of allocating and balancing the bandwidth of the interface, taking into account the classification of flows and queues, is solved.