Introduction: Coconut shell liquid smoke (CS-LS) from Cocos nucifera L. has been traditionally used by Indonesians as a natural preservative. Besides that, liquid smoke is also used as a medicine to treat various types of wounds. During the storage, liquid smoke resulting from pyrolysis is still questionable in relation to the oxidation process and changes in its properties and potentials. We observed the physical characteristics, components, toxicity, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive properties, and effect in oral ulcer healing of CS-LS. Methods: Acidity was analyzed using a digital pH meter, density test was analyzed using a pycnometer, and the components were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Eight concentrations of CS-LS (1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14%) were tested on baby hamster kidney (BHK21) for the extract toxicity, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema for its anti-inflammatory properties, hot-plate test for its anti-nociceptive, and traumatized labial fornix incisive inferior for its oral ulcer healing. Results: The acidity of CS-LS was 2.296 and the density was 1.0102 g/mL. The major components analyzed were phenol (32.75%), 2-methoxy-phenol (17.45%), and furfural (13.09%). The CS-LS 100% and CS-LS 8% were the optimum concentrations for maintaining the BHK21 and increasing the number of fibroblasts in oral ulcer healing. The CS-LS 100% showed potent anti-nociceptive ability compared to other concentrations (P = 0.001), but not for the anti-inflammation properties. Conclusion: CS-LS is a promising natural herb for oral medicine, especially oral ulcer medicine.

In recent years, liquid smoke rice husk (LSRH) has shown its therapeutic potency to diabetes, wound healing, stomatitis, and periodontitis. The phenol, 6-octadecenoic acid, oleic acid, and 9-octadecanoic acid were responsible for their therapeutic effect. The LSRH also demonstrated their potential for infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Therefore, the molecular dynamics (MDs) simulation and pharmacophore analysis was performed to analyse the binding stability of 6-octadecenoic and oleic acid. Based on MD simulation, 6-octadecenoic and oleic acids seemed to retain their interactions with Ser144 and Thr24, respectively, with hydrogen bond distance less than 2.9 Å. This interaction was stable during the simulation and has hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds/acceptors. The 6-octadecenoic acid and oleic acid were confirmed to have great potency as inhibitors for COVID-19. These compounds also showed that the existence of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds/acceptors could increase biological activity.

Objective Utilization of liquid smoke rice husk can be used as an alternative treatment because of the antimicrobial properties. Advances in drug delivery systems are increasingly developing to increase the bioavailability of drugs and reduce the side effects of these drugs, namely nanoparticles. In this study, nanoparticles of liquid smoke rice husk (nLSRH) were tested the antimicrobial against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Materials and Method This type of research is an experimental in vitro laboratory using Porphyromonas gingivalis culture. nLSRH contained liquid smoke rice husk concentration of 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, and 17.5%. The antibacterial was performed using the dilution methods. Results The nLRSH concentration of 1% showed clearest medium. The highest number of colonies Porphyromonas gingivalis was observed at nLSRH concentration of 1% (40.3 colony-forming unit [CFU]) and decreased at a concentration of 2.5% (11.3 CFU); other concentration or no bacterial colony growth was found. The nLSRH concentration of 2.5% can be determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration and nLSRH concentration of 5% can be determined as the minimum bactericidal concentration. Conclusion nLSRH have antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis. This finding able to drive the next research to develop nLSRH as gingival and periodontitis disease is caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Context: The pyrolysis product of rice hulls (Oryza sativa) has been used for the natural preservation of food and shows the potential to act as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory product. However, the safety of this treatment has still not been studied. Aims: To analyse liquid smoke derived from rice hulls (Oryza sativa) components, its physical characteristics including acidity, density, and its toxicity on baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Methods: The physical characteristics of acidity and density were analysed using a digital pH meter and gravimetry. The components of liquid smoke from rice hulls were analysed using gas chromatograph mass spectrometry. Eight concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 17.5%) of liquid smoke from rice hulls were used and immersed in media culture for 24 hours. Then, the MTT assay method was used to investigate the cytotoxic effect on BHK cells. Optic formazan density was indicated from the number of living cells. Results: The acidity of liquid smoke from rice hulls was 2.296 and the density is 1.0102 g/mL. The components analysed were 2-methoxyphenol (13.45%), mequinol (13.45%) and phenol (10.52%). The 10% concentration showed the highest number of living cells at 49.33%, while liquid smoke rice hulls had 12.5% of cells still alive (p=0.000), followed by the concentration of 7.5% (p=0.000), concentration of 5% (p=0.000) and liquid smoke rice hulls at 1% (p=0.000). Conclusions: Liquid smoke from rice hulls (Oryza sativa) showed that it’s potential of toxicity may be related its high acidity, components and the concentration.

Objectives Liquid smoke rice husk has been researched and proved to consist of antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and growth factor stimulatory properties. By these complex properties, the liquid smoke rice hull is able to purpose as a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inhibitor. The research was conducted to analyze the role of the dominant compound in rice husk liquid smoke against one of the main proteases in complex with inhibitor N3 of COVID-19 and 6LU7 protein data bank (PDB) ID. Material and Methods The Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2020.0901 (Chemical computing group) was used to analyzed the interaction. The molecular structure test, including phenol, mequinol, 2-methoxy-phenol, 6-octadecenoic acid, oleic acid, 9-cctadecenoic acid, was chosen. The lopinavir as positive control and 6LU7 as COVID-19 protein were chosen. All the protein analyses were conducted using docking molecular. Result The phenol, 2-methoxy-phenol, mequinol and 9-octadecenoic acid have higher binding free energy that causes difficult to bind to the active site of protein 6LU7 (−3.4758, −3.5509, −3.6845, and −5.0173 kcal/mol, respectively). The minor component of liquid smoke, such as 6-octadecenoic acid and oleic acid, has the binding free energy (−5,5327 and −5,4208 kcal/mol) and more factor of binding presumably as active COVID-19 inhibitor. Conclusion The liquid smoke rice husk has active component like 6-octadecenoic acid and oleic acid are presumably as active COVID-19 inhibitor.

Background: Research has proved that Aloe vera has anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and immunomodulator properties that can accelerate the healing process. These properties could be beneficial in the tooth extraction wound-healing process. Neutrophils are the first inflammatory cells to invade and are the predominant cell markers in the wound for 24 hours after injury. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) provide initial protection against micro-organisms, as they engulf and digest foreign bodies. Purpose: The aim of this study was to prove the effect of Aloe vera 90% gel application on the PMN count in the healing process of Cavia cobaya following tooth extraction. Methods: This laboratory experimental research was done using Post-Test Only Control Group Design. The lower incisive of twelve male Cavia cobayas were extracted then divided into four groups. Group P1 and P3 had 90% Aloe vera gel applied into the socket and sutured; group K1 and K3, received no 90% Aloe vera gel application and acted as controls. Samples from group P1 and K1 were terminated and had their mandibula taken one day after tooth extraction, and those from group P3 and K3 were terminated after three days. Tissues were then processed into histology slides, and PMN cells were counted. Results: There were significant differences in the PMN count between groups K1, P1, and K3 compared with P3 (p < 0.05). Higher PMN count was shown on the group containing Aloe vera 90% gel compared with control group, both on day one and three after tooth extraction. Conclusion: Aloe vera 90% gel can increase the PMN count in the inflammation phase of the tooth extraction wound-healing process.