An important part of Beijing’s ecological pattern, mountain landscapes are also the most important natural tourist destinations in Beijing. The unique mountain environment in Taihang and Yan Mountains attracts Beijing and foreign tourists alike. Tourists publish travel photos and comments on social media, which provides a new opportunity for a systematic evaluation of these mountain parks based on social media data. To fully understand the developmental status of mountain landscapes in Beijing, this paper comparatively evaluates 45 mountain landscapes in Beijing based on social media data. Using big data capture, semantic network analysis, importance-performance analysis (IPA), etc., it explores the composition of tourist groups in mountain parks, the preferences of the tourist groups, and the relationships between park tourists and different influencing factors, and evaluates the recreational experiences of tourist groups. The development of recreational activities was found to be more important to local tourists than scenic sites for foreign tourists. According to gender differences, women were more interested in recreational experiences than men, while men were more interested in the park’s landscapes. According to the IPA, tourists were satisfied with the overall recreation offered by mountain landscapes. The perceptual experience was dominated by visual perception, followed by smell; touch, hearing, and taste were of minor importance. Using social media data to analyze mountain landscape resources in Beijing can provide useful insights into the advantages of these landscapes under a variety of site conditions, strengthen local mountain resource development and tourism publicity, integrate tourism management and planning resources in a targeted and attractive manner, and enhance ecological leisure services.

Rapid urbanization has triggered more serious urban flood risks. Many studies have focused on intra-urban flooding, but less attention has been paid to rainfall and flood risks at the urban fringe. Nowadays, China is vigorously promoting the construction of sponge cities in the whole area. It is important to study the construction of sponge cities in shallow mountainous areas, which are an important barrier between cities and mountains. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of Low-Impact Development (LID) facilities under different rainfall scenarios in developed shallow mountainous areas. The second garden and flower exposition (“the Expo Park”) in Hebei Province is used as an example. The SWMM and MIKE21 models were used to simulate the hydrological processes before and after the construction of “the Expo Park”, and the models were calibrated with the measured data. Peak flow rate, outflow volume, rainfall-outflow ratio, runoff velocity, and water feature area of the water system were used as indicators to evaluate their effectiveness. The results showed that the placement of LID facilities had a positive impact on the construction of the shallow mountain area. Specifically, (1) LID facilities can reduce the peak flow rate, delayed peak flow time, outflow volume, and rainfall outflow ratio of stormwater runoff in mountainous areas; and (2) they can effectively collect rainwater and become a supplement to the landscape water system of the site. These findings provide a scientific basis for the construction of LID facilities in shallow mountainous areas, which is important for the development and flood management of shallow mountainous areas.

Against the backdrop of rapid development in megacities, urban park green spaces serve as essential public resources whose accessibility and equity directly affect residents’ quality of life and broader social justice. This study addresses the imbalance between the spatial distribution of green space resources and the socio-demographic characteristics of different population groups in megacities. It takes the six central districts of Beijing as the study area and integrates data from 457 urban parks. The research applies the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area (G2SFCA) method and bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran’s I) to systematically evaluate the equity of urban park green space provision across multiple social dimensions, including economic status, educational attainment, and vulnerable groups. The results indicate that urban park green spaces in Beijing’s six central districts exhibit a pronounced central and northern advantage, with significant deficits in southern and peripheral areas. High accessibility and greater per capita green space are concentrated in core and high-housing-price districts, overlapping with high-income and highly educated populations. In contrast, vulnerable groups and migrant workers are more likely to reside in green-space-deficient areas, facing a structural “high population density–low green space provision” disadvantage, reflecting clear social inequities. In addition, inequity is more pronounced at the walking scale than at the cycling scale. The study reveals a dual mismatch in green space provision across both spatial and social dimensions within a megacity context. The findings suggest that future urban planning should shift from quantitative expansion to the optimization of existing green space resources. Planning strategies should prioritize vulnerable groups and adopt a people-oriented approach. Policymakers should allocate greater support to southern and peripheral areas, increase the provision of pocket parks, and improve slow-mobility systems. These measures can more precisely safeguard equitable access to green space for disadvantaged populations and promote the realization of spatial justice.

Plateau valley cities are increasingly exposed to flood risk because topographic constraints, ecological fragility, and rapid urbanization jointly intensify runoff sensitivity. Although dynamic and process-based assessments of flood regulation service (FRS) have advanced, limited attention has been given to how changes in urban green space (UGS) components are associated with marginal runoff-retention responses in a plateau valley setting. Taking central Lhasa as a case, this study combined Sentinel-2-based UGS mapping, intPLUS land-use scenario simulation, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) runoff modeling, XGBoost, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), and accumulated local effects (ALE) to evaluate the FRS responses under multiple scenarios. A pressure–response overlay was further used to diagnose spatial mismatches between runoff pressure and modeled regulation response. Results showed that UGS expanded by 5212.66 ha from 2017 to 2025, indicating a marked greening trend, but the natural development scenario projected a 1403.80 ha decline by 2033. In contrast, the ecological protection scenario projected a 915.98 ha increase and produced a stronger modeled runoff-retention response, although the improvement remained spatially uneven across subbasins. Model-based interpretation identified forest land as the most influential predictor of runoff-depth-based FRS response, while grassland, park green space, and waterfront green space were generally associated with runoff-depth reduction and showed distinct nonlinear response patterns. Specifically, forest land and grassland showed diminishing marginal effects after higher increment ranges, park green space exhibited delayed effectiveness before clearer regulation benefits emerged, and waterfront green space reached effective response ranges at relatively low proportional increments. Spatial diagnosis further showed that 19 subbasins, accounting for 18.88% of the study area, remained response-lagged, mainly along urban expansion fringes where runoff pressure was not matched by sufficient modeled regulation response. The integrated framework provides a transferable, spatially explainable basis for plateau valley FRS assessment, whereas the identified thresholds and zoning implications remain case-specific and require local validation.