In order to solve the problems of traditional seeders, such as low seeding efficiency, tangled straw, a large amount of clay, easy ridge breakage in sowing operations, low qualified rate of high-speed seeding, and poor uniformity, this paper takes the pneumatic corn planter as the research object, the Beidou automatic driving unit as the carrier, the CAN (Controller Area Network) bus as the communication medium, and the double closed-loop fuzzy PID (proportion-integral-derivative) algorithm as the control core and designs a high-speed precision corn seeding control system based on Beidou navigation. It solves the problems that exist in traditional planters. In the bench experiment, the stability of the system is judged by comparing the motor control accuracy with ordinary PID and measuring the motor response time of the system at different speeds. The bench test results show that when the theoretical seeding speed is 0~34 r·min⁻¹, the response time of the motor is shortened by 0.51 s compared with the ordinary PID control, and the error between the actual speed and the target value is less than 0.35%. The field experiment results show that when the unit runs for 5~13 km·h⁻¹, the qualified rate of average planting spacing is greater than 95.81%, the reseeding rate is less than 10.11%, and the coefficient of variation is less than 16.72%, which complies with the standard of a corn sowing operation.

For the current sowing machine, unavoidable reasons such as clogging of the seed row disc type opener and the seed guide tube, slipping off the ground wheel, and other unavoidable reasons lead to sowing machine leakage. This paper designs a system to detect and compensate for missed sowing of maize precision seeds. The system mainly consists of a missed seeding detection system module, a control system module, a display system module, an actuation system module, a compensation system module, etc. Detection of missed seedings uses a microcontroller as the controller and a fiber optic sensor as the detection element. Through the microcontroller’s input capture and timer timing function, the total number of rows of missed and reseeded seeds is displayed on the LED display and fed back to the replenishment system to realize the alarm of missed seeds and automatic compensation. The results show that: the detection accuracy of missed seeding is more than 96%, and the highest detection accuracy can reach 100%. Less than 4% error occurred in missed seeding compensation (0.3% error in stepper motor speed, 4% error in rotation angle). The replanting rate of replanters is more than 90%; the replanting pass rate is more than 95%. When the tractor driving speed is 3~8 km/h, the sowing qualified rate is more than 90% to meet the sowing and replanting requirements.

The traditional fertilizer application methods have serious problems of environmental pollution and soil degradation due to low utilization rates in the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain of China. In this study, the conservation tillage strip-hole layered fertilization method was proposed and a precision strip-hole layered fertilizer subsoiler was designed. To meet the requirements for deep tillage strip-hole layered fertilizer application, theoretical analysis and parameter calculations were first carried out on the fertilizer application type hole wheel, and then the main factors affecting the fertilizer application effect of a strip-hole layered fertilizer shovel were analyzed. The effect of forwarding speed, angle of fertilizer tube installation (AFT) and angle of unloading fertilizer (AUF) on the middle and lower layers of the fertilizer distribution length (FDT) and fertilization amount deviation stability coefficient (FADSC) was studied using the discrete element method (DEM). The three-factor three-level full-factors test design method was adopted. Simulation results showed that the FDT and the FADSC increased as the forward speed increased; the FDT decreased as the AFT and the AUF increased; an increased FADSC was observed at a middle angle of the AFT and the AUF. The minimum FADSC was obtained for a combination of parameters with a forward speed of 2 km/h, the AFT of 35° and the AUF of 60°, corresponding to the FADSC of 2.49% in the middle layer and 2.93% in the lower layer while satisfying the FDT condition. The results of the field trials showed that the FADSC was 11.36% and 12.42%, respectively, an increase of 8.87% and 9.49%, respectively, compared to the simulation results, validating the simulation model. The new way of fertilizer application methods and a theoretical basis were provided for the design of hole application machinery.

In the process of seed introduction, there is a problem of seed falling disorderly due to the collision between the seed and tube wall, which seriously affects the uniformity of seed spacing in the field. To solve this problem, this paper designed a kind of annular air-blowing auxiliary seed guide device. After a series of simulation experiments, theoretical research, and high-speed camera bench experiments, the optimal parameter selected combination of the critical structure of the seed guide device. The experimental results showed that when the annular air-blowing assisted seed guide tube was used, the positive air pressure was 2 KPa, the airway angle was 150°, the airway outlet width was 12 mm, and the distribution pore diameter was 4 mm. When the forward speed was 6km/h (the rotation speed of the seed metering disc was 25.30 rpm), the seed sowing effect was the best in the seed guide device; the qualified rate was 88.36%, and the coefficient of variation was 12%. This study provides a reference for improving seed spacing uniformity and can be used to optimize seed guide tubes.

In order to solve the problems of high missed rate and easily damaged seeds in traditional garlic metering devices, an air suction garlic seed metering device was designed. The critical components include a seed tray and a seed disturbing tooth. Seed contour curve fitting and a discrete element method were used to determine the initial parameters. The optimal parameter combinations were obtained through fluid dynamics simulation. With a higher pass seeding rate and a lower missed seeding rate as the goal, the device has been optimized for parameters. The best combination of parameters was obtained: the number of type holes was 9; the diameter of holes was 7.2 mm; the forward speed was 1 km/h; the working negative pressure was −5.5 kPa; the pass seeding rate was 88.54%; and the missed seeding rate was 6.34%. Field trials had shown that the air suction garlic seed metering device designed in this study satisfied the requirements of garlic cultivation. Three tests were conducted and a pass rate of 87.83% and a missed rate of 6.85% were obtained.