There are many factors causing T2DM; thus, it is difficult to prevent and cure it with conventional treatment. In order to realize the continuous intervention of T2DM, the treatment strategy of combining diet therapy and traditional medication came into being. As a natural product with the concept of being healthy, konjac flour and its derivatives are popular with the public. Its main component, Konjac glucomannan (KGM), can not only be applied as a food additive, which greatly improves the taste and flavor of food and extends the shelf life of food but also occupies an important role in T2DM. KGM can extend gastric emptying time, increase satiety, and promote liver glycogen synthesis, and also has the potential to improve intestinal flora and the metabolic system through a variety of molecular pathways in order to positively regulate oxidative stress and immune inflammation, and protect the liver and kidneys. In order to establish the theoretical justification for the adjunctive treatment of T2DM, we have outlined the physicochemical features of KGM in this article, emphasizing the advantages of KGM as a meal for special medical purposes of T2DM.

Pigmentation diseases can lead to significant color differences between the affected part and the normal part, resulting in severe psychological and emotional distress among patients. The treatment of pigmentation diseases with good patient compliance is mainly in the form of topical drugs. However, conventional hydroquinone therapy contributes to several pathological conditions, such as erythema, dryness, and skin desquamation, and requires a longer treatment time to show significant results. To address these shortcomings, natural whitening substances represented by kojic acid and arbutin have gradually become the candidate ingredients of traditional local preparations due to their excellent biological safety. This review focuses on several natural whitening substances with potential therapeutic effects in pigmentation disease and their mechanisms, and a thorough discussion has been conducted into the solution methods for the challenges involved in the practical application of natural whitening substances.

As an important part in international disease, mental disorders seriously damage human health and social stability, which show the complex pathogenesis and increasing incidence year by year. In order to analyze the pathogenesis of mental disorders as soon as possible and to look for the targeted drug treatment for psychiatric diseases, a more reasonable animal model is imperious demands. Benefiting from its high homology with the human genome, its brain tissue is highly similar to that of humans, and it is easy to realize whole-body optical visualization and high-throughput screening; zebrafish stands out among many animal models of mental disorders. Here, valuable qualified zebrafish mental disorders models could be established through behavioral test and sociological analysis, which are simulated to humans, and combined with molecular analyses and other detection methods. This review focuses on the advances in the zebrafish model to simulate the human mental disorders; summarizes the various behavioral characterization means, the use of equipment, and operation principle; sums up the various mental disorder zebrafish model modeling methods; puts forward the current challenges and future development trend, which is to contribute the theoretical supports for the exploration of the mechanisms and treatment strategies of mental disorders.

The escalating global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and mental disorder (MD) including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and anxiety highlights the urgency for comprehensive therapeutic strategies. Aerobic exercise (AE) is a viable adjunct therapy, providing significant benefits for individuals dealing with both T2DM and MD. This review consolidates evidence on AE’s role in alleviating the physiological and psychological effects of these comorbid conditions. It delves into the pathophysiological connections between T2DM and various MD, including depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, and bipolar disorder—emphasizing their reciprocal exacerbation. Key neurophysiological mechanisms through which AE confers benefits are explored, including neuroinflammation modulation, brain structure and neuroplasticity enhancement, growth factor expression regulation, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)/microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis normalization. Clinical results indicate that AE significantly improves both metabolic and psychological parameters in patients with T2DM and MD, providing a substantial argument for integrating AE into comprehensive treatment plans. Future research should aim to establish detailed, personalized exercise prescriptions and explore the long‐term benefits of AE in this population. This review underscores the potential of AE to complement existing therapeutic modalities and enhance the management of patients with T2DM and MD.