This research investigates the efficacy of a proposed novel machine learning tool for the optimal simulation of building thermal load. By applying a symbiotic organism search (SOS) metaheuristic algorithm to a well-known model, namely an artificial neural network (ANN), a sophisticated optimizable methodology is developed for estimating heating load (H_L) in residential buildings. Moreover, the SOS is comparatively assessed with several identical optimizers, namely political optimizer, heap-based optimizer, Henry gas solubility optimization, atom search optimization, stochastic fractal search, and cuttlefish optimization algorithm. The dataset used for this study lists the H_L versus the corresponding building conditions and the model tries to disclose the nonlinear relationship between them. For each mode, an extensive trial and error effort revealed the most suitable configuration. Examining the accuracy of prediction showed that the SOS–ANN hybrid is a strong predictor as its results are in great harmony with expectations. Moreover, to verify the results of the SOS–ANN, it was compared with several benchmark models employed in this study, as well as in the earlier literature. This comparison revealed the superior accuracy of the suggested model. Hence, utilizing the SOS–ANN is highly recommended to energy-building experts for attaining an early estimation of the H_L from a designed building’s characteristics.

Using ANN algorithms to address optimization problems has substantially benefited recent research. This study assessed the heating load (HL) of residential buildings’ heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network is utilized in association with the MVO (multi-verse optimizer), VSA (vortex search algorithm), and SOSA (self-organizing self-adaptive) algorithms to solve the computational challenges compounded by the model’s complexity. In a dataset that includes independent factors like overall height and glazing area, orientation, wall area, compactness, and the distribution of glazing area, HL is a goal factor. It was revealed that metaheuristic ensembles based on the MVOMLP and VSAMLP metaheuristics had a solid ability to recognize non-linear relationships between these variables. In terms of performance, the MVO-MLP model was considered superior to the VSA-MLP and SOSA-MLP models.

The study and examination of Islamic architecture through different intellectual approaches, such as traditionalism, historicism, and phenomenology, highlight the subject's importance in Western researchers' works. Each of these intellectual approaches seeks to present the results of their studies on Islamic architecture from its particular perspective. What definitions of Islamic architecture ...