The thermal management of high-heat-density devices is essential for reliable operation. In this work, a novel procedure is proposed and investigated for the efficient thermal management of such devices. The proposed procedure introduces different arrangements of metal inserts within a cooling channel heat sink. The objective of those inserts is to form boundary layers to prevent any hot spots from appearing within the flow and increase temperature uniformity. Five different arrangements are introduced and numerically investigated using the commercial software package ANSYS FLUENT 2021R1. The model was validated against previous findings and showed a good agreement with errors of less than 5.5%. The model was then used to study the heat transfer characteristics of the proposed cases compared to traditional straight channels under the same operating conditions. All the proposed arrangements displayed better heat transfer characteristics than the traditional configuration within the studied range. They also exhibited lower temperature nonuniformities, implying better temperature distribution. The temperature contours over the heat source top surface and the flow streamlines are also introduced. Among all the proposed arrangements cases, a microchannel with micro metal insert located at the top wall along with a second row of inserts covering two-thirds of the bottom wall is studied. This case achieved the best heat transfer characteristics and highest temperature uniformity, making it a viable candidate for high power density devices’ thermal management.

Nanoparticle-engineered platforms are transforming enzyme immobilization by providing high surface area, tunable porosity, and controllable surface chemistry, which together improve enzyme orientation, stability, and catalytic performance. These advances address key industrial barriers—enzyme instability, limited reuse, and difficult recovery—while enabling greener and more efficient biocatalytic processes.This review synthesizes recent developments in nanoparticle-based enzyme immobilization, covering diverse nanostructures such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hybrid nanoflowers, nanofibers, graphene oxide (GO) and other carbon-based supports, metallic and polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and carrier-free approaches such as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). Engineering strategies including covalent attachment, adsorption, entrapment, and co-aggregation are discussed, along with smart and stimuli-responsive supports for on-demand activation and emerging fabrication methods such as three-dimensional (3D) printing for tailored scaffolds. The role of computational design and artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing immobilization conditions, predicting enzyme–material compatibility, and guiding scale-up is highlighted. Applications spanning industrial biocatalysis, biosensing, environmental remediation, wearable diagnostics, and space bioprocessing are examined. Key challenges include process scale-up, nanomaterial toxicity and environmental persistence, reproducibility, and techno-economic limitations. Sustainability considerations and mitigation strategies—such as surface functionalization, biodegradability, and circular-economy integration—are also evaluated.Rather than merely summarizing existing nanomaterials, this review provides a critical and integrative perspective that links nanoparticle design with enzyme functionality and real-world applicability, offering actionable insights for next-generation biocatalyst development.