We investigate the occurrence and chemistry of magmatic sulfides and their chalcophile metal cargo behaviour during the evolution of compositionally different magmas from diverse geodynamic settings both in mineralised and barren systems. The investigated areas are the following: (a) the Miocene Konya magmatic province (hosting the Doğanbey Cu–Mo porphyry and Inlice Au epithermal deposits, representing post-subduction) and (b) the Miocene Usak basin (Elmadag, Itecektepe, and Beydagi volcanoes, the latter associated with the Kişladağ Au porphyry in western Turkey, representing post-subduction). For comparison we also investigate (c) the barren intraplate Plio-Quaternary Kula volcanic field west of Usak. Finally, we discuss and compare all the above areas with the already studied (d) Quaternary Ecuadorian volcanic arc (host to the Miocene Llurimagua Cu–Mo and Cascabel Cu–Au porphyry deposits, representing subduction). The volcanism of the newly studied areas ranges from basalts to andesites–dacites and from high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic series. Multiphase magmatic sulfides occur in different amounts in rocks of all investigated areas, and, based on textural and compositional differences, they can be classified into different types according to their crystallisation at different stages of magma evolution (early versus late saturation). Our results suggest that independently of the magma composition, geodynamic setting, and association with an ore deposit, sulfide saturation occurred in all investigated magmatic systems. Those systems present similar initial metal contents of the magmas. However, not all studied areas present all sulfide types, and the sulfide composition depends on the nature of the host mineral. A decrease in the sulfide Ni∕Cu (a proxy for the monosulfide solid solution (mss) to intermediate solid solution (iss) ratio) is noted with magmatic evolution. At an early stage, Ni-richer, Cu-poorer sulfides are hosted by early crystallising minerals, e.g. olivine–pyroxene, whereas, at a later stage, Cu-rich sulfides are hosted by magnetite. The most common sulfide type in the early saturation stage is composed of a Cu-poor, Ni-rich (pyrrhotite mss) phase and one to two Cu-rich (cubanite, chalcopyrite iss) phases, making up ∼84 and ∼16 area % of the sulfide, respectively. Sulfides resulting from the late stage, consisting of Cu-rich phases (chalcopyrite, bornite, digenite iss), are hosted exclusively by magnetite and are found only in evolved rocks (andesites and dacites) of magmatic provinces associated with porphyry Cu (Konya and Ecuador) and porphyry Au (Beydagi) deposits.

We report new petrographic and geochemical observations on magmatic sulfides occurring in different enclave types, including hornblende and/or clinopyroxene‐rich cumulates, and in the host lavas, in Nisyros (South Aegean volcanic arc). We discuss our findings in the context of pre‐existing petrological and thermobarometry studies. Our results indicate that sulfides become less abundant and Cu‐richer (Cu _median values) with magma differentiation at progressively lower pressure/P‐temperature/T‐depth conditions. Starting with high T‐P sulfide‐free pillow lavas and wehrilitic cumulates still representing a sulfide undersaturated system, passing to high T and lower P, deep‐forming sulfide‐rich and hornblende‐rich gabbroic enclaves (SiO₂ = 53–55 wt.%, 4–5 × 10⁻⁵ area %, Cu = 260 μg/g) at the base of the crust (∼25–30 km), then to clinopyroxene‐rich gabbroic micro‐cumulates (2–3 × 10⁻⁵ area %, Cu = 570 μg/g) forming in shallower crustal levels (∼10 km), then to more evolved sulfide‐poor hybrid enclaves (SiO₂ = 56–70 wt.%, 1 × 10⁻⁵ area %, Cu = 602 μg/g), and finally to even more sulfide‐poor rhyodacitic host lavas (SiO₂ = 66–76 wt.%, <0.5 × 10⁻⁵ area %, Cu = 6.4 wt.%) differentiating at even shallower crustal levels (∼7 km). Sulfide‐free quenched basaltic andesitic enclaves differentiating near surface levels, carry no textural evidence of pre‐existing magmatic sulfides suggesting that the system returned to a sulfide‐undersaturated state. Finally, we point out two important processes for sulfide evolution, a reaction replacement of clinopyroxene by amphibole observed in the deep‐forming hornblende‐rich gabbroic enclaves triggering the onset of sulfide saturation, and an increased mafic input followed by magma mingling and enclave disaggregation leading to sulfide dissolution and Cu‐enrichment of the magmas.

Relatively fresh volcanic rocks have been sampled by a remotely operated vehicle in situ from the NE caldera wall of Brothers submarine volcano, associated with Seafloor Massive Sulfide‐SMS deposits. Here, we present the first complete stratigraphic column of the NE caldera wall, comprising at least 12 massive dacitic lava flows, up to 80 m‐thick intercalated with multiple volcaniclastic layers associated with tuffaceous sediment layers. Detailed petrographic and geochemical analyses from hand specimen to crystal to silicate melt scale show chemical variability with depth, correlating partly with an increase in pervasive alteration due to volatile degassing. Moreover, while sulfide saturation occurred prior to volatile exsolution—which sequestrated most chalcophile elements as confirmed by the low metal contents of melt inclusions (e.g., Cu ≤ 1.3 μg/g and Au ≤ 7.0 μg/g)—silicate glass records a Cu enrichment and Au loss with differentiation, with interstitial glass accounting for Cu = 4.2 μg/g and Au = 6.6 μg/g and matrix glass for Cu = 6.0 μg/g and Au = 2.8 μg/g, respectively. Our findings suggest multiple sources for metals compensating for the low initial metal contents: (a) from hydrothermal fluids and volatile percolation ensuing interaction with the host rock and thus also replacement and/or dissolution of pre‐existing magmatic sulfides, (b) directly from the magma, consistent with metal release during magma degassing of metal‐ and Cl‐, and S‐ rich volatiles, and (c) from fluid circulation within unusually metal‐rich andesitic volcaniclastic layers (Cu = 40 μg/g, Au = 1.5 ng/g, and Pt = 0.99 ng/g). Our results elucidate the capacity of such hybrid mineralizing submarine volcanic systems to effectively scavenge, transport, and concentrate metals.