The presence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds (BTEX) in the breathing air outside and inside buildings is one of the most significant problems related to human health today. This study was performed to determine the concentration of BTEX pollutants in indoor environments. PhoCheck was used to detect the concentration of BTEX compounds. In this study, the concentration (BTEX pollutant) was assessed in four indoor spaces, including restaurants, laundries, hair salons, and photocopying centers. The results showed that the average concentration of all four searched compounds was higher than the recommended limit of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The results of carcinogenic risk assessment by benzene and ethylbenzene compounds show 2153 × 10⁻⁴ and 913 × 10⁻⁵ respectively. The HQ values for toluene and xylene were 1.397 and 0.505, respectively, indicating that exposure to toluene alone may have adverse effects on human health, while exposure to xylene alone has no adverse effects. The hazard index (HI) for toluene and xylene pollutants was higher than one. An HI value higher than one means that the two contaminants toluene and xylene in the air we breathe may have adverse effects on human health. As a result, the necessary control measures should be taken to prevent the unfavorable effects of these two pollutants.

Dyes are one of the most common contaminants in industrial effluents, whose continuous release into the environment has become an increasing global concern. In this work, nanoparticles of zero-valent iron (NZVI) were synthesized using the chemical regeneration method ،and were utilized for the first time as a catalyst in the advanced Sono-Nano-Fenton hybrid method for the decomposition of Reactive Red 198 (RR198). The properties of zero-valent iron nanoparticles were analyzed using SEM and XRD. The effect of pH, initial dye concentration, nanoparticle dosage, zero-valent iron and H₂O₂ concentration on the decomposition efficiency of Red Reactive 198 was investigated. Comparing the efficiency of Reactivate 198 dye degradation in Sonolysis, Sono-NZVI, Sono-H₂O₂ and Sono-Nano Fenton processes showed that 97 % efficiency was achieved by the Sono-Nano Fenton process in 60 min. The kinetics of the removal process showed that this process follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The results indicate that the effectiveness of the ultrasonic process in removing resistant organic pollutants such as dyes increases tremendously with the synergy of the Fenton process.

Increased fluoride and nitrate concentration in water resources can affect consumers' health adversely. The objective of this study is to health risk assessment of fluoride and nitrate in the drinking water of municipal and rural areas of Zahedan using probabilistic approaches. For this purpose, 347 water samples were collected from both urban and rural areas of this province. After the chemical analysis of the samples, a health risk assessment was conducted using the USEPA model, and a sensitivity analysis was performed by Monte Carlo software. The average concentration of nitrate in rural and municipal areas drinking water was 31.89 mg/L and 40.87 mg/L, respectively. Fluoride concentration in rural samples was 2.13 mg/L while municipal samples had 1.28 mg/L. 14.53% and 24.12% of rural and urban areas exceeded NO₃⁻ limits, respectively. Rural samples had higher F- concentrations than WHO standards. CDI values for fluoride and nitrate in municipal areas were 0.04 and 1.15 mg/kg/day, for adults and 0.09 and 2.82 mg/kg/day, for children. The corresponding values for rural areas were 0.06, 0.9, 0.15, and 2.2 mg/kg/day. The HQ for nitrate in children was between 0 and 5.2 in children, with an average of 1.71. These values were registered to be 0–3.85 and 1.26, respectively, in the adult group. Also, the average value of HQ fluoride in children is much higher than that of adults, with values of 2.45 and 1.47 in rural and urban areas, respectively, both exceeding 1. The results indicate a possibility non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate and fluoride, particularly for children in these areas, is significant. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to improving the quality of drinking water in this province.

Runoff from intensive agriculture, which contains many sources of pollutants, including herbicides, for instance, Diuron, has threatened the environment and human health. The intrusion of these toxins into water sources poses a serious challenge to human society, and the rising release of these toxins has always been of concern to water researchers. The consequences of the release of these toxins into water sources are destructive and debilitating to human life. Today, the contamination of surface water and wastewater by pesticide residues, especially from agricultural activities and pesticide factories, has grown significantly. One of the pesticides commonly applied around the world is Diuron. There are various techniques for removing Diuron, the most important of which are adsorption and advanced oxidation. This review presents the characteristics, mechanisms, and emerging methods of removing Diuron. The use of absorbents, such as sludge-derived modified biochar (SDMBC600) and bottom ash waste (BAW-200), is discussed in detail. Additionally, the main features, benefits, and limitations of new technologies like hydrodynamic cavitation are enumerated. The effectiveness of novel adsorbents in Diuron removal is also discussed.