This review explores the interplay between renewable energy and monetary policy, highlighting how central banks can contribute to renewable energy development. Although the shift towards renewable energy is tremendous for sustainable development, it also comes with notable economic and financial challenges. Supervenient, the energy transition has raised significant interest among decision-makers and academia, prompting them to explore new innovative policies and strategies; as a result, these actions acknowledged that research in this field is essential for identifying optimal solutions. Moreover, recent global crises, including the energy crisis, have emphasised the important role of macroeconomic policies in crisis management. Within this framework, it’s essential to investigate how monetary policy, as the main tool of central banks, can foster renewable energy development. This comprehensive review systematically examines existing literature through a semi-structured literature analysis, which allows for a more flexible, complex, and thorough approach to identifying key issues and providing insights into the potential of monetary policy to address renewable energy challenges. We identified four main clusters of research: sustainability and development, economic growth and energy, monetary policy and investment, and emissions and renewable energy. Furthermore, exploring the interaction between monetary policy and renewable energy objectives to uncover paths for harmonizing monetary strategies with the goals of renewable energy development contributes to highlighting the existing gaps in the field and represents a starting point for further research topics. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge, identifies gaps in the literature, and suggests directions for future research.

In the article, the author aims to highlight some directions of action in the management of the public debt meant to minimize the risks of the outburst of a debt crisis in Romania, in the domestic and international context. The analysis shows that the evolution of Romania's total public debt in the period 2015-2019 is positive, in the sense of improved sustainability. The economic literature suggests that there are two conditions whose implementation could prevent a financial and a debt crisis from occurring (an early warning system and a regulatory scheme with "teeth"). Comparing the fiscal policy in Japan and Greece, the author presents some features for minimizing the risks of a debt crisis and shows that the rules of fiscal policy change fundamentally when a country becomes a member of a monetary union. Starting from the main economic problems of Romania and from the experience of the public debt crises in some countries of the European Union, there are made proposals for actions aimed at leading to the minimization of the risks of a debt crisis in Romania. The methodology used consists in comparative and descriptive analyses, drawing of conclusions and literature review.

In Romania, the external debt has had a discontinuous increasing trend after 1990, sharper in some periods. In this context, in the article, we aimed at analyzing the sustainability of Romania's foreign debt, depending on the evolution of several macroeconomic indicators. The methodology in the paper joins empirical, comparative and descriptive analysis with data interpretation. Using average growth rates, we forecast some external debt indicators for the period 2025-2030, based on three scenarios (pessimistic, moderate and optimistic), then we explain the results obtained. The problems that emerge from the analysis of the simulation results refer to the value and the evolution of the external debt as a share of GDP, to the insufficient growth rate of exports, etc. We can conclude that there are several risk factors brought about by the external debt level and the indebtedness rate of the Romanian economy, which rise concern about the sustainability of foreign debt. The article is based on the research project "Romania's external indebtedness in current and perspective conditions", elaborated in CFMR "Victor Slăvescu" in 2022, under the coordination of Camelia Milea, Ph.D.

The purpose of the paper1 is to highlight the link between the external deficit and the budget deficit, given the high importance of the two imbalances in the evolution of each national economy. Thus, the author intends to make a literature review of the studies carried out in order to capture the interplay between the external and budget deficits. Another objective of the research is to disclose the mathematical relationship between the trade balance deficit and the budget deficit, through the absorption theory. The results obtained show that the external imbalance is the consequence of a higher/ lower domestic absorption than the national income. The results from the analysis of the economic literature are different in terms of the causality nexus between the two deficits due to the existence of several influence factors. The methodology used joins the identification of causalities with the descriptive analysis, and the literature review.

Romania has faced, continuously, an external deficit after 1990, generally, of high level, according to international standards. In the article, the author intends to highlight some directions of action that will lead to the reduction of the foreign deficit in Romania starting from its causes. These include, especially, structural problems that have not yet been solved, such as poorly developed transport infrastructure; lack of availability of labor force properly qualified; domestic demand not met by national supply; export of low and medium proccessed products at low external prices; high share of energy-consuming sectors and low energy efficiency, but also the evolution of the budget deficit. The methodology used joins the identification of causalities with descriptive analysis, empirical analysis and data interpretation.

Prioritizing tourism in the development of the economy is one of the objectives of the Republic of Moldova. In the article, there are presented the natural and human made resources of the Republic of Moldova, as well as some characteristics of the tourist infrastructure in order to highlight the tourism development potential of this country. From the point of view of the accommodation, in the Republic of Moldova the availability of units is limited, especially for the accommodation facilities in the superior segment. The analysis shows an underutilization of the accommodation capacity of the collective tourist reception structures, but also a significant disequilibria, namely the number of Moldovan tourists and excursionists who have gone abroad is much higher than the number of foreign tourists and excursionists, who have visited the Republic of Moldova. The hospitality of the people, the Moldovan cuisine, the great variety of high quality wines, the relief, the flora and fauna, the ethnographic diversity (Romanians, Ottomans, Russians, Poles and Germans), the rich heritage at the crossroads of cultures, the political stability, the cheap access to high-speed internet can be considered among the strong points that may attract tourists to the Republic of Moldova. But apart from these elements of attraction and opportunities, tourism in the Republic of Moldova has also some weak points, and is subject to risks that are presented at the end of the paper. The methodology used in the article joins the descriptive analysis with the empirical analysis of statistical data and their interpretation, and also drawing of conclusions.