Owing to limited land resources and unique ecosystems, islands face more serious ecological risks under the interference of climate change and human activities. In this study, selecting Zhoushan Island as the study area, a landscape ecological risk index model was constructed based on LULC (land use/land cover) data and the landscape ecological risks for Zhoushan Island from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the proportion of forest land and grassland remained above 70%, built-up land expanded from 52.67 km² to 123.52 km², and the beach area and ocean on the north side of the island decreased by 23.24 km² and 24.87 km², respectively; this was mainly converted into built-up land. (2) The number of landscape patches in Zhoushan Island decreased as the landscape ecological risk index decreased. The landscape ecological risk showed distinct spatial autocorrelation, with lowest-risk and medium-risk areas collectively accounting for 80% and higher-risk and highest-risk areas showing a decline. (3) The landscape ecological risks exhibited distinct spatiotemporal differences. Before 2010, the higher-risk and highest-risk areas were mainly distributed in the mudflat and ocean areas on the northern coast. After 2010, the higher-risk and highest-risk areas are mainly distributed in the central region, which comprises woodland, grassland, and built-up land.

Accurately analyzing the water system’s status in a region is crucial for mitigating water resource constraints on the development of island areas. This study centers on Zhoushan, an archipelago city, and employs the water footprint theory (WFT) and the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) model to scrutinize the evolution of water footprints from 2010 to 2020. It also dissects the impacts of economic, technological, and population factors on these changes. The findings are as follows: From 2010 to 2020, Zhoushan’s total water footprint has remained relatively stable, but its structure is imbalanced, indicating an unhealthy development. The agricultural water footprint dominates, though its proportion has steadily declined from 64% to 28%, while the imported water footprint has significantly increased from 2% to 29%. The skewed distribution of internal and external water consumption contributes to this imbalance, with internal water use accounting for a staggering 86.43%. The ecological security of water resources appears bleak, with average water scarcity and pressure indices reaching 0.42 and 0.41, respectively, indicating an overloaded state of water resources. Despite a 144.50% growth in water footprint efficiency from 2010 to 2020, the average water resource sustainability index merely stands at 0.531, and its sustainability remains precarious. The LMDI model results unveil that technological factors are the primary negative driving factors, contributing to 47.06% of the changes in Zhoushan’s water resource utilization. Conversely, economic and population factors play positive roles, contributing 42.29% and 10.65%, respectively. Therefore, in the course of development, there should be a focus on promoting water-saving tec-nologies, and continuously enhancing the efficiency of water resource utilization. Simultaneously, attention should be given to the development of the tertiary sector and the water resource pressure resulting from the mobile population, aiming to achieve sustainable water resource utilization and further ensure the ecological security of Zhoushan City.

In the context of global warming, thermal environmental problems in coastal urban ag-glomerations have become increasingly prominent. This study focuses on the urban ag-glomeration around Hangzhou Bay, constructs annual heat island intensity classification maps based on MODIS summer land surface temperature (LST) data from 2000 to 2020, analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns of heat islands, and investigates their driving mechanisms using the Extreme Gradient Boosting and Shapley Additive exPlanations (XGBoost-SHAP) model. The results show that: (1) the high-frequency area of strong heat islands expanded by 62.10% during the study period, extending from early built-up areas to newly developed coastal zones, with the spatial pattern transitioning from point-like distribution to areal agglomeration; (2) significant differences exist between the north and south coasts, where strong heat island center migration on the north coast is consistent with impervious surface expansion, whereas the south coast is significantly influenced by coastal wetland siltation; (3) impermeable surfaces and wind speed are key factors affecting LST, with impermeable surfaces acting as the primary driver of temperature increase, while wind speed plays a significant role in moderating temperatures. This study provides a scientific basis for thermal environment regulation in coastal urban agglomerations.

Typhoon Haikui (2012) occurred in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and landfall on the east coast of China brought heavy rainfall with strong winds. Because of Typhoon Haikui, sea surface temperature (SST) cooling of 3 °C occurred on the right side of the track, mainly due to Ekman transport and upwelling. SST cooling on the left side was lower than on the right side, mainly due to the rainfall. Heavy precipitation occurred on both sides of the typhoon track; however, rainfall was higher on the left side of the typhoon track. This paper explains the dynamic process between atmospheric and oceanographic parameters and verifies the variations in chlorophyll and sea surface height data before, during, and after the typhoon. Typhoon Haikui demonstrates dynamic variations and intuitively illustrates the relationship between the ocean and atmospheric parameters.