Because climate change has severely impacted global bee populations by depleting their habitats and food sources, beekeepers must implement management practices to adapt to changing climates. However, beekeepers in El Salvador lack information about necessary climate change adaptation strategies. This study explored Salvadoran beekeepers’ experiences adapting to climate change. The researchers used a phenomenological case study approach and conducted semi-structured interviews with nine Salvadoran beekeepers who were members of The Cooperative Association for Marketing, Production, Savings, and Credit of Beekeepers of Chalatenango (ACCOPIDECHA). The beekeepers perceived water and food scarcity, as well as extreme weather events (e.g., increasing temperature, rain, winds), as the leading climate change-induced challenges to their production. Such challenges have augmented their honey bees’ physiological need for water, limited their movement patterns, decreased apiary safety, and increased the incidence of pests and diseases, all of which have led to honey bee mortality. The beekeepers shared adaptation strategies, including box modification, apiary relocation, and food supplementation. Although most beekeepers accessed climate change information using the internet, they struggled to understand and apply pertinent information unless they received it from trusted ACCOPIDECHA personnel. Salvadoran beekeepers require information and demonstrations to improve their climate change adaptation strategies and implement new ones to address the challenges they experience.

In Peru, subsistence farmers experience firsthand the direct and indirect impacts of climate change (CC). To understand how farmers adapt their livelihoods to climatic variability, this mixed methods study explored their perceptions and climate adaptability strategies implemented in Huayhuay, Peru. Twenty farmers participated in semi-structured interviews, and 103 completed a survey questionnaire. The results indicated that most farmers perceive changes in temperature, precipitation, and drought that negatively affect agricultural production and local natural resources. To deal with CC, farmers are implementing twenty-six climate adaptation strategies. Diversifying agricultural products and practices, and exploring new economic activities were adaptability strategies identified in this study that the literature has previously documented as having positive implications for agricultural livelihoods. However, some farmers reported that adaptability strategies are failed attempts at local climate action. The results, along with the adaptability literature, revealed that farmers implement locally accessible adaptability strategies based on their climate variability perceptions. Therefore, this study recommends exploring CC perceptions and adaptability strategies with a site-based approach. It is also recommended that future research, local climate planning, and action must focus on the efficiency and inclusiveness of strategies rather than their frequency or levels of adoption. Finally, strengthening the technical capacities and knowledge of CC among subsistence farmers must be a priority for authorities and practitioners in Huayhuay, Peru.

In the last decade, rural youth worldwide have grappled with a crisis marked by limited economic opportunities, inadequate services, and underdeveloped infrastructure in their home communities. This has driven a significant uptick in rural-to-urban migration, especially among young people in developing countries. Despite its lower urbanization rate compared to neighboring nations, Ecuador has seen a consistent rise in rural-to-urban youth migration. This trend is primarily attributed to environmental degradation, community conflicts, and rural areas' lack of educational and employment prospects. This study investigated the migration intentions of high school students in rural Ecuador, specifically those enrolled in agricultural and non-agricultural programs. The findings reveal that agricultural programs significantly influence youth migration intentions. Those in agricultural programs express an inclination to migrate. Moreover, students who have migrated before are more likely to migrate. These results underscore the importance of tailoring educational initiatives to inspire youth to explore opportunities within their rural communities. Future research should delve into the perspectives of rural youth and evaluate the effectiveness of agricultural education programs, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of rural development and strategies for retaining youth in rural areas.

Youth is defined as a period of transition from childhood to adulthood that ranges between the ages of 15 and 24, and it is the most mobile social group in the world. Youth migration in El Salvador and Honduras is a well-known problem; however, limited research has studied the causes of migration and the impact of agricultural education programs on the decision to migrate. This study aims to identify and compare the migration intentions of students in agricultural and non-agricultural programs of two rural communities of El Salvador and Honduras. For this quantitative study, a two-group model was used, the target population (N = 209) was composed of high school students with similar socioeconomic characteristics. Overall, the comparison between El Salvador and Honduras showed a significant difference between countries regarding their migration intentions (p < 0.05). Salvadorian students presented a stronger willingness to migrate. Moreover, students’ intention of migration was evaluated based on their educational background. Youth who were not part of a formal agricultural program have a higher intention of migrating (p < 0.05). Finally, the main and interaction effects of intention to migrate, country of origin, and academic program based on the different migration drivers were analyzed.

Socio-cultural Eurocentric views about agriculture may diminish educational efforts to globalize the curricula at land grant institutions in the United States of America. While many U.S. inhabitants have historical and/or cultural ties to Europe, the modern U.S. agricultural industry is dependent upon contributions from diverse agricultural origins. Recognizing ideological origins in agriculture helps educators prepare curricula and teach others through inclusive and equitable education that is consistent with the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The purpose of this study was to explore postsecondary students’ and employees’ Eurocentric attitudes about agriculture at a large southern U.S. land grant university. A cross-sectional design and random samples constituted the study population. Eurocentric attitudes existed primarily among undergraduate students and staff members. Respondents with family actively engaged in agriculture and those enrolled in the college of agriculture had stronger levels of Eurocentric beliefs, as did respondents with at least one previous international experience. Efforts to lessen Eurocentric attitudes about agriculture are needed in postsecondary education. Additional study of the origins of belief systems and factors affecting attitudinal formation may provide useful insights for replacing outdated ideals and achieving cognitive consistency in understanding the global agricultural industry.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, farmer-producer organizations continued to serve their members. This qualitative study aimed to understand how agricultural farmer-producer organizations assisted their members in bearing the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in western Honduras. Through semi-structured interviews with 20 farmer-producer association affiliates and thematic coding of their responses, eight coping mechanism themes were identified: (a) continuous training, (b) seeking and securing external funding for investment, (c) new and safe agricultural markets, (d) value-added food, (e) stable and competitive prices, (f) advocacy for temporary mobility permits, (g) agricultural, financial, and food aid packages, and (h) emotional support. Members felt that these efforts were effective. However, the stability of the farmer-producer organizations was contingent upon the engagement and commitment of the members themselves. Practitioners and farmer-producer organizations can use this study to strengthen formalized social networks in Honduras and similar economic and productive environments. However, further research is still needed to identify the factors which motivate agricultural individuals to engage in farmer-producer organizations.