Recent technological (e.g., IoT, 5G) and economic (e.g., UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals) developments have transformed the healthcare sector towards more personalized and IoT-based healthcare services. These services are realized through control and monitoring applications that are typically developed using artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) based algorithms that play a significant role to highlight the efficiency of traditional healthcare systems. Current personalized healthcare services are dedicated in a specific environment and support technological personalization (e.g., personalized gadgets/devices) and are unable to consider different inter-related health conditions that lead to inappropriate diagnosis and affect sustainability and the long-term health/life of patients. Towards this problem, the state-of-the-art Healthcare 5.0 technology has evolved that supersede the previous healthcare technologies. The goal of healthcare 5.0 is to achieve a fully autonomous healthcare service, that takes into account the interdependent effect of different health conditions of a patient. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on personalized healthcare services. In particular, we first present an overview of key requirements of comprehensive personalized healthcare services (CPHS) in modern healthcare Internet of Things (HIoT), including the definition of personalization and an example use case scenario as a representative for modern HIoT. Second, we explored a fundamental three-layer architecture for IoT-based healthcare systems using both AI/ML-based and non-AI-based approaches, considering key requirements for CPHS followed by their strengths and weaknesses in the frame of personalized healthcare services. Third, we highlighted different security threats against each layer of IoT architecture along with the possible AI-based and non-AI-based solutions. Finally, we proposed a methodology to provide reliable, resilient, and personalized healthcare services that address the identified weaknesses of existing approaches.

Multiplication is one of the most extensively used arithmetic operations in a wide range of applications. In order to provide resource-efficient and high-performance multipliers, previous works have proposed different designs of accurate and approximate multipliers-mainly for ASIC-based systems. However, the architectural differences between ASICs and FPGA-based systems limit the effectiveness of these multipliers for FPGA-based systems. Moreover, most of these multiplier designs are valid only for unsigned numbers. To bridge this gap, we propose a novel implementation technique for designing resource-efficient and low-power accurate and approximate signed multipliers which are optimized for FPGA-based systems. Compared to Vivado's area-optimized multiplier IPs, the designs obtained using our proposed technique occupy 47% to 63% less area (Lookup Tables). To accelerate further research in this direction and reproduce the presented results, the RTL and behavioral models of our proposed methodology are available as an open-source library at https:// cfaed.tu-dresden.de/pd-downloads.

Vehicles become more advanced and smarter due to advancements in technology in the modern world. Every person now a days, demand a smart vehicle due to their automobility and smart controls. This is all possible through advancements in VANET (Vehicular Adhoc Network) and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Vehicles in the VANET are highly connected to each other and this thing can cause security, safety, and privacy risks for the asset itself and driver also. It can become a reason of major threat. And these threats can occur due to tracing the location of the vehicle. Existing techniques like group-based shadowing schemes, obfuscation, silent periods, and mix-zone have preserved privacy of location somehow, but don’t have a good QoS and optimized efficient security. To overcome these issues, we introduced a new privacy framework, which is an improvement of the existing shadowing scheme. We proposed a computationally efficient group leader selection process based on centeredness, rule obeyed, and OBU resources, reducing overhead by 20%, integrating FL with DP to preserve data privacy without sacrificing utility, and achieving a 15% improvement in location accuracy under privacy constraints, validating the scalability and robustness of the framework through extensive simulations involving up to 300 vehicles. Group Leader is used as an optimization of the overall framework including efficiency and implementation of the scheme. This scheme increases privacy if the number of vehicles also increases, and this thing makes our scheme more scalable. This scheme overcomes the many drawbacks of existing techniques like a higher tracing ratio in shadowing schemes, totally depending on the group leader, and reduced utility of all schemes based on distances. The most important thing, the single point of failure in the group leader base shadowing scheme is overcome by using local federated learning with differential privacy. Validation results of our proposed scheme showed that it outperformed the current schemes mainly based on group leader.

With the emergence of intelligent services and applications powered by artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT) affects many aspects of our daily lives. Traditional approaches to machine learning (ML) relied on centralized data collection and processing, where data was collected and analyzed in one place. However, with the development of Deep Federated Learning (DFL), models can now be trained on decentralized data, reducing the need for centralized data storage and processing. In this work, we provide a detailed analysis of DFL and its benefits, followed by an extensive survey of the use of DFL in various IoT services and applications. We have studied the impact of DFL and how to preserve security and privacy by ensuring compliance in machine learning-enabled IoT systems. In addition, we present a generic architecture for a GDPR-compliant DFL-based framework. Finally, we discuss the existing obstacles and possible future research directions for DFL in IoT.

Deep learning (DL) has been shown to be highly effective in solving various problems across numerous applications and domains, such as autonomous driving and image recognition. Due to the advent of DL, plenty of research works have explored the applicability of DL, more specifically deep neural networks (DNNs), to solve pattern recognition and computer vision challenges. More recently, researchers have focused on the topic of automated generation and exploration of DNN architectures, which tend to mostly focus on image recognition or visual data sets, primarily, due to the computer vision-related DL advancements. In this work, we propose the BioNetExplorer framework to systematically generate and explore multiple DNN architectures for biosignal processing in wearable devices. Our framework varies key neural architecture parameters to search for an embedded DNN architecture with a low hardware overhead, which can be deployed in wearable edge devices to analyze the biosignal data and to extract the relevant information, such as arrhythmia and seizure. Furthermore, BioNetExplorer reduces the exploration time by deploying genetic algorithms, such as NSGA-II, SPEA-2, etc. Our framework also enables the hardware-aware DNN architecture search by imposing user requirements and hardware constraints (storage, FLOPs, etc.) during the exploration stage, thereby limiting the number of networks explored. Moreover, BioNetExplorer can also be used to search for DNNs based on the user-required output classes; for instance, a user might require a specific output class, attributed toward ventricular fibrillation, due to genetic predisposition or a preexisting heart condition. The use of genetic algorithms reduces the exploration time, on average, by $9\times $ , compared to exhaustive exploration. We are successful in identifying Pareto-optimal designs, which can reduce the storage overhead of DNN by $\sim 30$ MB for a quality loss of less than 0.5%. To enable low-cost embedded DNNs, BioNetExplorer also employs different model compression techniques to further reduce the storage overhead of the network by up to $53\times $ for a quality loss of $ < 0.2\%$ .

The exponential increase in dependencies between the cyber and physical world leads to an enormous amount of data which must be efficiently processed and stored. Therefore, computing paradigms are evolving towards machine learning (ML)-based systems because of their ability to efficiently and accurately process the enormous amount of data. Although ML-based solutions address the efficient computing requirements of big data, they introduce security vulnerabilities into the systems, which cannot be addressed by traditional monitoring-based security measures. Therefore, this paper first presents a brief overview of various security threats in machine learning, their respective threat models and associated research challenges to develop robust security measures. To illustrate the security vulnerabilities of ML during training, inferencing and hardware implementation, we demonstrate some key security threats on ML using LeNet and VGGNet for MNIST and German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmarks (GTSRB). Moreover, based on the security analysis of ML-training, we also propose an attack that has very less impact on the inference accuracy. Towards the end, we highlight the associated research challenges in developing security measures and provide a brief overview of the techniques used to mitigate such security threats.