Geothermal resources are the vital renewable energy for resolving energy crisis and environmental deterioration. Understanding hydrogeochemical processes, genesis mechanisms and scaling trends is crucial for securing the sustainable utilization of geothermal resources. In this study, fourteen geothermal waters were collected for hydrochemical and δ²H–δ¹⁸O isotopic analyses in northwestern Sichuan, SW China to clarify hydrogeochemical processes, genesis mechanisms, and scaling trends. Geothermal waters were recharged via atmospheric precipitation. Three different types of geothermal waters were identified using a piper diagram. Class 1 geothermal water with HCO₃–Na and HCO₃–SO₄–Na types formed in the contact zone with Yanshanian intrusions and heated by residual radioactive heat. The hydrochemical processes were sodium/potassium silicate dissolution and positive cation–exchange. Class 2 geothermal water with HCO₃–Ca and HCO₃–Ca–Mg type was carbonate–type and heated by geothermal gradient. The dissolution of carbonate minerals dominated the hydrochemical process. Class 3 geothermal water with the SO₄–Ca–Mg type was determined within deep faults. The dissolution of carbonatite and gypsum minerals and the oxidation of sulfides played a vital role in the hydrochemical process. The reservoir temperatures of geothermal waters followed the orders of Class 1 (74.9–137.6 °C) > Class 3 (85.9–100 °C) > Class 2 (38.7–93.5 °C). Calcium carbonate scaling should be paid attention to in Class1 and Class 3 geothermal water, and calcium sulfate scaling merely occurs in Class 3 geothermal water. This study provides vital information for geothermal exploitation in western Sichuan and other similar areas.

The Yangbajing geothermal field, a renowned high-temperature geothermal resource in Tibet of southwestern China, has been utilized for power generation for several decades. To improve geothermal exploitation in the Yangbajing, genesis and mineral scaling have yet to be further revealed. In this study, hydrochemistry and D-O-Sr isotopy were employed for analyzing genesis and mineral scaling in the Yangbajing geothermal field. The geothermal waters were weakly alkaline and had a high TDS content (1400–2900 mg/L) with the Cl-Na, Cl·HCO₃-Na, and HCO₃·Cl-Na types. The dissolution of silicate minerals (sodium and potassium feldspars) and positive cation exchange controlled the hydrogeochemical process. The geothermal water was recharged from snow-melted water and meteoric water originating from the Nyainqentanglh Mountains and Tangshan Mountains. The geothermal waters possessed the highest reservoir temperature of 299 °C and the largest circulation depth of 2010 m according to various geothermometers. The geothermal waters can produce CaCO₃ and SiO₂ scaling during vertical and horizontal transport. These achievements can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development and conservation of the high-temperature geothermal resources in Yangbajing and elsewhere.

Geothermal resources have been a source of significant clean energy in the world. The Sichuan Province is famous for its abundant geothermal resources in China, especially in western Sichuan. The Aba area is a significant minority region in northwestern Sichuan with abundant geothermal resources. In this study, hydrochemical and D-O analyses were conducted on the eight collected geothermal springs to investigate the genetic mechanism of the geothermal resource in the Aba area. The exposed temperatures and pH values of the geothermal springs ranged from 23 °C to 48 °C and from 6.6 to 9.5, respectively. Based on the hydrochemical characteristics, the eight geothermal springs were classified into two types: class A and class B. The class A geothermal springs belonged to the hydrochemical type of Ca-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄ and Ca-Mg-HCO₃ and were affected by the weathering and dissolution of carbonate and silicate. The class B hydrochemical type of geothermal spring was Na-HCO₃, which was determined by the weathering and dissolution of evaporite and silicate. A Na-K-Mg triangle diagram revealed that the geothermal springs belonged to immature water. A chalcedony geothermometer indicated that the temperature of the class A shallow geothermal reservoir in the Aba area was 59.70–73.00 °C and 70.65–120.91 °C for class B. Silicon enthalpy approaches showed that the initial reservoir temperature for class A was 181.36–203.07 °C (mixed by 85.76–89.44% cold water) and 271.74–295.58 °C (mixed by 87.39–87.54% cold water) for class B. The recharge elevation of the geothermal spring was 3415–3495 m as calculated by the D-O isotopes. We have proposed these genetic models of the two typical geothermal springs. The achievements provide a vital reference for the further development of geothermal water and the sustainable utilization of geothermal resources in the Aba area.