This survey reviews the phenomenon of rumor propagation in social networks, defining rumors and their manifestations and highlighting the societal confusion, panic, and harm they cause. It explores the psychological, social, and technical factors contributing to rumors and their impact on reputation, panic, and decision-making. The review covers theoretical frameworks of rumor propagation, analyzing progressive and nonprogressive diffusion models in social networks. It also introduces the metaverse, discussing its impact on information spread and the new challenges it poses for rumor dissemination. Detection and intervention methods using AI, network analysis, and multimodal representation are highlighted, alongside policy and public education strategies. Additionally, the survey addresses challenges such as fake news, deepfakes, and the role of social bots and automated accounts. Future research directions are discussed, including the development of sophisticated detection algorithms, real-time monitoring, cross-platform and cross-cultural rumor detection, privacy protection, and automated coping mechanisms. The survey advocates for integrated strategies combining technological, social, and legal approaches to manage rumor propagation complexities and maintain information authenticity and social stability.

Study design: A retrospective study. Objectives: To compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of robot assisted (RA) and fluoroscopy assisted (FA) percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) in treating single/double segment osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF). Methods: Patients with single/double segment OVCF receiving either RA or FA PKP were evaluated retrospectively at our spine center from April 2018 to October 2019. The operation time, fluoroscopy frequency, fluoroscopy exposure time, total radiation dose, visual analogue scale (VAS), local kyphosis angle (LKA), height of fractured vertebra (HFV) and complications were compared between the single/double RA group and the FA group. Results: A total of 96 cases were included in this study, with 59 cases of single segment OVCF and 37 cases of double segment OVCF. For single/double segment OVCF, both RA and FA PKP could relieve pain and reduce fracture. The RA group showed lower fluoroscopy frequency, shorter fluoroscopy exposure time during operation for surgeons, better correction in LKA and HFV, lower rate of cement leakage, but more fluoroscopy frequency, fluoroscopy exposure time and radiation dose for patients compared with the FA group (P < 0.05), while the single RA group showed longer operation time compared with the FA group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: For single/double segment OVCF, RA has more advantages in correcting vertebra fracture, reducing intraoperative radiation exposure for surgeons, and reducing the cement leakage rate, but it increases intraoperative radiation for patients compared with FA PKP. And FA has shorter operation time in treating single segment OVCF than RA PKP.