The aim of this paper is to estimate the amount of carbon footprints emitted from diesel generators in terms of carbon dioxide. A constant load demand of 1.05 kW per hour (6.3 kW/day) with six hours of operation of a diesel generator per day was selected for this analysis. The fuel consumption rate and carbon footprints in terms of carbon dioxide (CO₂) were determined. It was discovered that emission of carbon footprints increased by five folds as emission factor was increased from 1 kg to 5 kgCO₂/liter. Similarly, the increment of a single kW rated power diesel generator at a constant emission factor increases 1.1 to 1.2 times carbon footprint emissions. It is revealed that the efficiency of diesel generator is inversely proportional to its rated power, fuel consumption rate and CO₂ emissions. Therefore, the rated power of selected diesel generator should be close to the required load demand.

It is difficult to determine the input parameters values for equivalent circuit models of photovoltaic modules through analytical methods. Thus, the previous researchers preferred to use numerical methods. Since, the numerical methods are time consuming and need long term time series data which is not available in most developing countries, an improved mathematical model was formulated by combination of analytical and numerical methods to overcome the limitations of existing methods. The values of required model input parameters were computed analytically. The expression for output current of photovoltaic module was determined explicitly by Lambert W function and voltage was determined numerically by Newton-Raphson method. Moreover, the algebraic equations were derived for the shape factor which involves the ideality factor and the series resistance of a single diode photovoltaic module power output model. The formulated model results were validated with rated power output of a photovoltaic module provided by manufacturers using local meteorological data, which gave ±2% error. It was found that the proposed model is more practical in terms of precise estimations of photovoltaic module power output for any required location and number of variables used.

The parametric evaluation of the variables that define the operation of a charge injection electrostatic atomizer is described in terms of the electrical performance. Here atomizer performance for smaller orifice diameters and more viscous liquids than previously investigated is presented. The response of the injected current as a function of atomizer geometry, coupled to an analysis of the empirical charge injection laws, is used to relate the electrohydrodynamics with more well-established studies in quiescent liquid. Evaluation of spray and leakage current to injection current ratios are also used to determine the electrical efficiency with a view to locating the optimum operating conditions as a function of atomizer geometry and applied bulk flow. The optimum electrode-to-orifice diameter ratio in previous work is confirmed, and the relationship between the spray specific charge and the maximum electric field on jet surface at a critical point of operation is extended to charge injection atomizers of small orifice diameter.