The present paper proposes an interpretation of the widely scattered states (called synchronized traffic) stimulated by Kerner’s hypothesis about the existence of a multitude of metastable states in the fundamental diagram. Using single-vehicle data collected at the German highway $A1,$ temporal velocity patterns have been analyzed to show a collection of certain fragments with approximately constant velocities and sharp jumps between them. The particular velocity values in these fragments vary in a wide range. In contrast, the flow rate is more or less constant because its fluctuations are mainly due to the discreteness of traffic flow. Subsequently, we develop a model for synchronized traffic that can explain these characteristics. Following previous work [I. A. Lubashevsky and R. Mahnke, Phys. Rev. E 62, 6082 (2000)] the vehicle flow is specified by car density, mean velocity, and additional order parameters h and a that are due to the many-particle effects of the vehicle interaction. The parameter h describes the multilane correlations in the vehicle motion. Together with the car density it determines directly the mean velocity. The parameter a, in contrast, controls the evolution of h only. The model assumes that a fluctuates randomly around the value corresponding to the car configuration optimal for lane changing. When it deviates from this value the lane change is depressed for all cars forming a local cluster. Since exactly the overtaking maneuvers of these cars cause the order parameter a to vary, the evolution of the car arrangement becomes frozen for a certain time. In other words, the evolution equations form certain dynamical traps responsible for the long-time correlations in the synchronized mode.

We deal with the problem of deriving the microscopic equations governing individual car motion based on assumptions about the strategy of driver behavior. We presume the driver behavior to be a result of a certain compromise between the will to move at a speed that is comfortable for him under the surrounding external conditions, comprising the physical state of the road, the weather conditions, etc., and the necessity to keep a safe headway distance between the cars in front of him. Such a strategy implies that a driver can compare the possible ways of further motion and so choose the best one. To describe the driver preferences, we introduce the priority functional whose extremals specify the driver choice. For simplicity we consider a single-lane road. In this case solving the corresponding equations for the extremals we find the relationship between the current acceleration, velocity, and position of the car. As a special case we get a certain generalization of the optimal velocity model similar to the “intelligent driver model” proposed by Treiber and Helbing.

An alternative application of the Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) principles and techniques is proposed. Registration of hyperspectral holograms in incoherent light by using FTS is suggested. This work generalizes and develops our previous results on registration of hyperspectral Fresnel’s and image plane holograms. Theoretical and experimental results are provided and discussed. The proposed method is applied to the problems of digital holographic microscopy, including speckle noise reduction, hyperspectral imaging, and coloring and optical profiling. A major advantage of the proposed method is that it allows simultaneous recovery of the amplitude, the phase, and the spectral frequency $\sigma$ of the wave field in a single registration process.

First-order phase transitions induced in aluminum metallization layers by the passage of single rectangular current pulses with amplitude up to 8 × 10¹⁰ A/m² and durations within 100–1000 μs are considered. The formation of local fused zones and their subsequent migration during current passage have been experimentally studied. The main mechanisms of interphase boundary propagation due to heat evolution at the solid/liquid interface under conditions of nonstationary heating of the metal film are established. The velocity of liquid-phase propagation (∼25 m/s) along the metallization stripe has been determined in experiment and a method of calculating the length of a fused zone upon the current pulse passage is proposed.

General method is suggested for construction of the non-lens digital microscopes of optical range. This article demonstrates that non-lens microscopes of average magnification can be created on the basis of inexpensive digital cameras. Only disadvantage of the camera that is considered, as a candidate for this application is - that such camera still has the objective.

New approach of holographic microspectroscopy is suggested. Point to point spectra of a microobject are derived from hyperspectral holograms registered in uncoherent, wideband radiation. Method is applicable for label free, weakly absorbing tissues.