Immune engineering, a burgeoning field within regenerative medicine, involves a spectrum of strategies to optimize the intricate interplay between tissue regenerative biomaterials and the host tissue. These strategies are applied across different types of biomaterials and various disease models, which encompasses finely modulating the immune response at the levels of immune cells and factors, aiming to mitigate adverse effects like fibrosis and persistent inflammation that may arise at the injury site and consequently promote tissue regeneration. With the continuous progress in electrospinning technology, the immunoregulatory capabilities of electrospun fibers have gained substantial attention over the years. Electrospun fibers, with their extracellular matrix‐like characteristics, high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio, and reliable pharmaceutical compound capacity, have emerged as key players among tissue engineering materials. This review specifically focuses on the role of electrospun fiber‐based immune engineering, emphasizing their unique design strategies. Notably, electrospinning actively engages in immune engineering by modulating immune responses through four essential strategies: (i) surface modification, (ii) drug loading, (iii) physicochemical parameters, and (iv) biological grafting. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the intricate mechanisms of the immune system in injured tissues while unveiling the key strategies adopted by electrospun fibers to orchestrate immune regulation. Furthermore, the review explores the current developmental trends and limitations concerning the immunoregulatory function of electrospun fibers, aiming to drive the advancements in electrospun fiber‐based immune engineering to its full potential.

Hernia reconstruction is one of the most frequently practiced surgical procedures worldwide. Plastic surgery plays a pivotal role in reestablishing desired abdominal wall structure and function without the drawbacks traditionally associated with general surgery as excessive tension, postoperative pain, poor repair outcomes, and frequent recurrence. Surgical meshes have been the preferential choice for abdominal wall hernia repair to achieve the physical integrity and equivalent components of musculofascial layers. Despite the relevant progress in recent years, there are still unsolved challenges in surgical mesh design and complication settlement. This review provides a systemic summary of the hernia surgical mesh development deeply related to abdominal wall hernia pathology and classification. Commercial meshes, the first-generation prosthetic materials, and the most commonly used repair materials in the clinic are described in detail, addressing constrain side effects and rational strategies to establish characteristics of ideal hernia repair meshes. The engineered prosthetics are defined as a transit to the biomimetic smart hernia repair scaffolds with specific advantages and disadvantages, including hydrogel scaffolds, electrospinning membranes, and three-dimensional patches. Lastly, this review critically outlines the future research direction for successful hernia repair solutions by combing state-of-the-art techniques and materials.