Myomas are the most common benign tumors of the genital organs in women of childbearing age, causing significant morbidity and impairing their quality of life. In our investigation, we have reviewed the epidemiological data related to the development of myomas in order to homogenize the current data. Therefore, a MEDLINE and PubMed search, for the years 1990-2013, was conducted using a combination of keywords, such as "myoma," "leiomyoma," "fibroids," "myomectomy," "lifestyle," "cigarette," "alcohol," "vitamins," "diet," and "hysterectomy". Randomized controlled studies were selected based upon the authors’ estimation. Peer-reviewed articles examining myomas were sorted by their relevance and included in this research. Additional articles were also identified from the references of the retrieved papers and included according to authors’ estimation.

Uterine myomas or fibroids are the most common benign female tumors of the reproductive organs, associated with significant morbidity and quality of life impairment. Several epidemiological risk factors for their occurrence have been identified so far, including nutrition and dietary habits. In this investigation, authors reviewed, as a narrative review, the data about diet and uterine myoma development in order to homogenize the current data. A PubMed search was conducted for the years 1990–2020, using a combination of keywords of interest for the selected topic. The authors searched the databases, selecting the randomized clinical studies, the observational studies, and the basic (experimental), clinical, and epidemiological researches. Once they collected the articles, they analyzed them according to the number of citations of each article, starting from the most cited to the least cited articles. Subsequently, authors collected the data of each article and inserted them in the various research paragraphs, summarizing the data collected. In this way, they crossed the available data regarding the association between nutrition habits and dietary components and myoma onset and growth. Many nutrients and dietary habits are associated with myoma development risk. These factors include low intakes of fruit, vegetables, and vitamin D, as well as pollutants in food. Despite the available data on the influence of some foods on the development of fibroids, further research is mandatory to understand all the nutrition risk factors which contribute to myoma growth and how exactly these risk factors influence myoma pathogenesis.

Fibroids are the most common benign tumors of the genital organs of women in reproductive age. Achieving reproductive function later in life, with more frequent use of assisted reproductive technologies, leads to an increased number of pregnancies complicated with fibroids. Their size may change during pregnancy, but the changes are mostly individual. Most fibroids stop growing or decline during the puerperium. The effect of fibroids on pregnancy depends on their number, size and location. The mechanisms bringing about perinatal complications are not fully understood. Fibroids during pregnancy can cause many perinatal complications, such as bleeding in pregnancy, miscarriage, pain due to red degeneration, malpresentation, preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and obstruction of delivery and are associated with higher incidence of cesarean section, operative vaginal delivery, uterine atony and postpartum hemorrhage. Postpartum hysterectomy in these women is also more likely than in general population. Postpartum infections are more common in patients with fibroids, and myomas may also cause retained placenta. The most common cause of neonatal morbidity is prematurity, due to pregnancy ending in an earlier gestational age. Monitoring of pregnancies complicated with fibroids is essentially indistinguishable from monitoring normal pregnancies. Therapy includes only bed rest and observation, symptomatic therapy in case of pain and intensive fetal surveillance, and surgery in the acute situations.

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors of female genital diseases, unlike uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS), a rare and aggressive uterine cancer. This narrative review aims to discuss the biology and diagnosis of LMS and, at the same time, their differential diagnosis, in order to distinguish the biological and molecular origins. The authors performed a Medline and PubMed search for the years 1990–2022 using a combination of keywords on the topics to highlight the many genes and proteins involved in the pathogenesis of LMS. The mutation of these genes, in addition to the altered expression and functions of their enzymes, are potentially biomarkers of uterine LMS. Thus, the use of this molecular and protein information could favor differential diagnosis and personalized therapy based on the molecular characteristics of LMS tissue, leading to timely diagnoses and potential better outcomes for patients.

Objective: Although the first report on cesarean myomectomy (CM) was a century ago, the management of a myomectomy during a cesarean section (CS) remains controversial. The objective of this study is to provide the latest data on this topic regarding the techniques and complications of CM. Methods: The authors consulted the most important scientific databases investigating the indications and contraindications for CM, the operational techniques, benefits and complications. Results: CM provides the benefits of two surgeries in one laparotomy, avoiding the risks of repeated anesthesia and relaparotomy. Nevertheless, in some patients, CM may be associated with increased morbidity and, in such cases, an interval myomectomy might be a safer option. Myomas compromising fetal extraction and uterine incision and/or suturing should be preferably enucleated during CS. CM is generally considered relatively safe in cases of anterior wall myomas, subserous and pedunculated myomas, particularly if a myomectomy is feasible without additional hysterotomy. Multiple myomas, deep intramural, fundal and cornual myomas and posterior uterine wall myomas are associated with more surgical complications during CM. Conclusions: With increasing reports in favor of CM, the risk–benefit ratio should be still evaluated with randomized controlled trials, in order to achieve more data on CM.