Goal-oriented play activity encourages children to exercise and triggers the movement of body muscles. Active muscles are stronger, more agile, faster, and more powerful. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine that goal-oriented play activity in early childhood improves motor skills. Methods: Forty children aged 4.5–6 years old were recruited and took part in a set of training activities divided into Posts 1–5. To pass each post, a child had to run, walk on a balance beam, move sticks, throw and catch the ball, and arrange blocks. Training was given three times every week for 12 weeks. Data collected consisted of running 25 m, walking on the balance beam, throwing the ball as far as possible, locomotor movement, arranging cans, and bouncing the ball. Paired t and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for analysis. Results: The results showed that there were significant differences in the motor skills evaluated pre- and post-training with p < 0.05. Conclusion: All six training activities conducted for 12 weeks provided significant improvements in the motor skills areas in children aged 4.5–6 years old.

Observational learning is an effective pedagogical approach that can influence students’ motor skill development at every level of physical education (PE). This study aimed to systematically summarize the evidence on observational learning for motor skill learning in PE and to generalize the evidence on the effect of model formats and verbal cues during observational learning. An electronic search of eight databases was conducted. Eighteen studies were included and their methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale. Best evidence synthesis (BES) was used to assess levels of evidence. Strong evidence supported the effect of observational learning on students’ motor skill learning compared to students who did not participate in observational learning. Moderate evidence suggested that there is no significant difference in the effectiveness of observing an expert model compared to a self-model. Conflicting evidence was identified for the effect of the presence of verbal cues compared to the absence of verbal cues during observational learning. The results suggest that observational learning is useful for students’ motor skill learning in PE. Given the influences of potential factors, we recommend that future studies investigate how observational learning interacts with verbal cues on students’ motor skill learning.

Feedback can be used as an effective teaching method in physical education (PE) to promote students’ learning of motor skills. However, there is no objective synthetic evidence to support the role of feedback in PE. Additionally, the effect of each feedback subtype on students’ motor skill learning is still unclear. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) to evaluate the effects of feedback and feedback subtypes on students’ motor skill learning. Nine databases were searched through September 2022 to identify appropriate literature. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 software and TSA was performed using TSA version 0.9.5.10 beta software. Fifteen studies were included. Feedback significantly improved students’ motor skill learning in PE (SMD 0.47; 95% CI 0.01, 0.93; Z = 2.02; p = 0.04). The TSA confirmed the result of the meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses showed that the subtypes of feedback, including visual feedback, visual combined verbal feedback, visual self-model, visual expert model, corrective feedback, and teacher-regulated feedback, significantly improved students’ learning of motor skills. In contrast, verbal, evaluative, and informational feedback did not produce changes in motor skill learning. Both complex and simple motor skills were improved by feedback. The use of feedback in PE benefits motor skill learning, regardless of whether the motor skills are complex or simple.

Athlete’s knowledge level (IQ) is needed to increase smash technique learning skill in sepak takraw. Besides, physical conditions which consist of power, flexibility and coordination, are also determined athlete’s accomplishment in learning smash technique in sepak takraw. The study purpose. The aim of this research was to discover the direct influence between knowledge level (IQ) and physical conditions (power, flexibility and coordination) on smash technique learning skill in sepak takraw. Materials and Methods. The method used in this research was quantitative. Path analysis was conducted to analyze the result. As many as 50 athletes of sepak takraw from capital city of Jakarta were taken as population. Those athletes were also taken as sample by using total sampling. The sample was the athletes who joined the regional and national championship. Results. Based on the research it was obtained: 1) knowledge level (IQ) affects smash technique learning skill in sepak takraw directly as many as 0.982; 2) physical conditions (power, flexibility and coordination) affect smash technique learning skill in sepak takraw directly as many as 0.845; and 3) overall, knowledge level (IQ) and physical condition (power, flexibility and coordination) affect smash technique learning skill in sepak takraw directly as many as 0.703. Conclusion. Therefore, it could be concluded that knowledge level (IQ) and physical conditions (power, flexibility and coordination) affect smash technique learning skill in sepak takraw on the athletes of capital city of Jakarta.

Study purpose. This study aimed to determine: (1) the difference in the effect of plyometric ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises on agility and VO2max, (2) the difference in the effect of badminton athletes’ high and low leg muscle endurance on agility and VO2max, (3) interaction between plyometric ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises with high and low leg muscle endurance on agility and VO2max. Materials and methods. This research was an experimental study with a 2x2 factorial design. The study sample was badminton athletes, totaling 24 people who were randomly selected from a population of 45 people. The instrument to measure agility was the T Drill Test, and that to measure VO2max was the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT). The data analysis technique used was the two-way ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. Results. The study findings are as follows: (1) there is a significant difference in the effect of ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises on the agility of badminton athletes, whereas ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises have an equally good effect on increasing VO2max; (2) there is a significant difference in effect of badminton athletes’ high and low leg muscle endurance on agility and VO2max; (3) there is a significant interaction between ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises and high and low leg muscle endurance on agility, whereas both exercises are equally well used to provide VO2max improvement. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study and the results of the data analysis that was carried out, it was concluded that there is a significant difference in the effect of plyometric ladder drill and hurdle drill exercises on the agility of badminton athletes.

Leadership has been identified as an important factor that may help guide and contribute to the effective provision of physical education in several different contexts. Despite the importance attributed to physical education leadership, more empirical research evidence still needs to relate to the topic. The purpose of this review is to describe leadership research in physical education in the last five years (2018–2022). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were adopted for the research review, and two databases (Scopus and Web of Science) were used in article browsing. 741 articles were obtained from two databases (Scopus: 392 articles) and (WoS: 349 articles). After following the exclusion criteria, only 13 articles remained. The review succeeded in showing that Iraq publishes the most research, and quantitative, qualitative, mixed research (quantitative and qualitative) approaches, and heuristic approaches are the methods and types of research used, and then the review is divided into five research groups: (i) physical education teacher leadership, (ii) principals and departmental leadership, (iii) student leadership, (iv) school leadership, and (v) cultural leadership. Of these five groups, transformational leadership is the most frequently discussed topic. Future research can be continued with mapping analysis of research on this topic using bibliometric or scientometric studies. This literature review can also be continued by discussing the topic of leadership in sports. Kepemimpinan telah diidentifikasi sebagai faktor penting yang dapat membantu membimbing dan berkontribusi pada penyediaan pendidikan jasmani yang efektif dalam beberapa konteks yang berbeda. Terlepas dari pentingnya dikaitkan dengan kepemimpinan pendidikan jasmani, bukti penelitian yang lebih empiris masih perlu dikaitkan dengan topik tersebut. Tujuan dari tinjauan ini adalah untuk menggambarkan penelitian kepemimpinan dalam pendidikan jasmani dalam lima tahun terakhir (2018–2022). Item Pelaporan Pilihan untuk Tinjauan Sistematis dan Meta-Analisis (PRISMA) diadopsi untuk tinjauan penelitian, dan dua basis data (Scopus dan Web of Science) digunakan dalam penelusuran artikel. 741 artikel diperoleh dari dua database (Scopus: 392 artikel) dan (WoS: 349 artikel). Setelah mengikuti kriteria pengecualian, hanya tersisa 13 pasal. Tinjauan tersebut berhasil menunjukkan bahwa Irak menerbitkan penelitian terbanyak, dan pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, penelitian campuran (kuantitatif dan kualitatif), dan pendekatan heuristik adalah metode dan jenis penelitian yang digunakan, dan kemudian tinjauan dibagi menjadi lima kelompok penelitian: (i) kepemimpinan guru pendidikan jasmani, (ii) kepala sekolah dan kepemimpinan departemen, (iii) kepemimpinan siswa, (iv) kepemimpinan sekolah, dan (v) kepemimpinan budaya. Dari kelima kelompok ini, kepemimpinan transformasional adalah topik yang paling sering dibahas. Penelitian ke depan dapat dilanjutkan dengan analisis pemetaan penelitian tentang topik ini dengan menggunakan studi bibliometrik atau scientometric. Tinjauan pustaka ini juga dapat dilanjutkan dengan membahas topik kepemimpinan dalam olahraga.