Hypertension promotes ATP release from erythrocytes, leading to a P2X7-dependent increase in T cell–mediated immune responses.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the common neurodegenerative diseases of the elderly. However, modern healthcare lacks the apparatus to detect the early signs of the disease, with only selected experts being able to spot the onset. Therefore, the early detection of PD is particularly important. Convolutional neural networks, a deep learning technique that can automatically extract image features, have been widely used in the diagnosis of medical images. Due to the complexity of the organization in the brain, we proposed a multiscale hybrid attention network (MSHANet) for the automatic detection of healthy and PD patients. MSHANet consisted of designed multiscale convolutional blocks and introduced hybrid attention blocks, so it can capture complex features in brain images. Two datasets were created using the images in the publicly available Parkinson’s progression markers initiative (PPMI) dataset, where the SV_3Dataset consisted of axial slices located in the substantia nigra region, and the MV_3Dataset adds mid-sagittal slices and striatal slices based on SV_3Dataset. For these two datasets, we proposed two different classification strategies, namely, parallel network classification (PNC) and multislice fusion classification (MSFC), to improve the classification performance of PD. After cross-validation experiments, the best results for the model using the PNC strategy achieved are 90.59% of accuracy, 90.59% of precision, 90.61% of recall, 90.6% of F1 score, and 0.956 of area under the curve (AUC). By analyzing the above results, the striatal slice in MV_3Dataset provides higher accuracy than the other two slices. Both PNC and MSFC improved the classification effect of MSHANet on PD and healthy control (HC), and the effect of PNC was better. The PNC strategy is used to test the performance of MSHANet on the test set. The best result is that the accuracy rate is 94.11%, the accuracy rate is 94.18%, the recall rate is 94.16, the F1 value is 94.17%, and the AUC is 0.9585. Our proposed method can help clinicians in accurately diagnosing the PD.

An individual's quality of life is greatly affected by Parkinson's disease (PD), a prevalent neurological degenerative condition. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a prominent non-motor symptom commonly associated with PD. Previous studies have shown a close relationship between PD and RBD. In addition to being a prodromal symptom of PD, RBD has a major negative impact on the prognosis of PD patients. This intrinsic connection indicates that there is a bidirectional relationship between PD and RBD. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the pathological mechanism related to PD and RBD, including the α-synuclein pathological deposition, abnormal iron metabolism, neuroinflammation, glymphatic system dysfunction and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Increasing evidence has shown that RBD patients have the same pathogenic mechanisms that underlie PD, but relatively little research has been done on how RBD contributes to PD progression. Therefore, a more thorough investigation is warranted to characterise how RBD affects the course of PD, in order to prepare for future therapeutic trials.