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Marian R. Chertow
School of the Environment Yale University New Haven Connecticut

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Research and analysis
Published: 16 January 2021 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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Previous bibliometric analyses of industrial symbiosis (IS) research have focused on a limited body of literature owing to the scope of keyword searches or limitations of library databases. This study seeks to apply bibliometrics to explore broader, epistemological questions, particularly about the structure and geospatial development of IS as a sub‐field of industrial ecology. We also evaluate the benefits of using Google Scholar, in addition to the conventional databases Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus, for better understanding academic domains. By using WoS and Scopus, 805 articles on IS that met our criteria were identified, published in 212 journals from 1995 through 2018. On average, the cumulative number of relevant articles grew at an exponential rate of 18% per year—more than double the estimated growth of global scientific output. We observed the largest increases in articles that: (1) model the material and energy flows in IS clusters; (2) propose strategies and ideas for implementing symbiosis; and (3) evaluate the performance of IS networks. By the end of 2018, 54 countries were featured in IS articles retrieved from WoS and Scopus, with China as the single most studied country. The analysis of Google Scholar suggested that it can capture more IS articles than the conventional databases owing to its unique characteristic of searching the entire text of documents rather than solely their metadata as with WoS and Scopus. Google Scholar revealed IS discourse from additional countries and disciplines previously omitted, enabling a more acute view of its patterns of diffusion.

ACS Style

Marian R. Chertow; Koichi S. Kanaoka; Jooyoung Park. Tracking the diffusion of industrial symbiosis scholarship using bibliometrics: Comparing across Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Marian R. Chertow, Koichi S. Kanaoka, Jooyoung Park. Tracking the diffusion of industrial symbiosis scholarship using bibliometrics: Comparing across Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marian R. Chertow; Koichi S. Kanaoka; Jooyoung Park. 2021. "Tracking the diffusion of industrial symbiosis scholarship using bibliometrics: Comparing across Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar." Journal of Industrial Ecology , no. : 1.

Editorial
Published: 16 November 2020 in Sustainability
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This editorial introduces the Special Issue “Metabolism of Islands”. It makes a case why we should care about islands and their sustainability. Islands are hotspots of biocultural diversity, and home to 600 million people that depend on one-sixth of the earth’s total area, including the surrounding oceans, for their subsistence. Today, they are on the frontlines of climate change and face an existential crisis. Islands are, however, potential “hubs of innovation” and are uniquely positioned to be leaders in sustainability and climate action. We argue that a full-fledged program on “island industrial ecology” is urgently needed with the aim to offer policy-relevant insights and strategies to sustain small islands in an era of global environmental change. We introduce key industrial ecology concepts, and the state-of-the-art in applying them to islands. Nine contributions in this Special Issue are briefly reviewed to highlight the metabolic risks inherent in the island cases. The contributors explore how reconfiguring patterns of resource use will allow island governments to build resilience and adapt to the challenges of climate change.

ACS Style

Simron Singh; Marina Fischer-Kowalski; Marian Chertow. Introduction: The Metabolism of Islands. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9516 .

AMA Style

Simron Singh, Marina Fischer-Kowalski, Marian Chertow. Introduction: The Metabolism of Islands. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9516.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simron Singh; Marina Fischer-Kowalski; Marian Chertow. 2020. "Introduction: The Metabolism of Islands." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9516.

Journal article
Published: 26 September 2020 in Waste Management
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Non-hazardous industrial waste (NHIW), primarily consisting of manufacturing process residues, has long been overlooked in waste reporting, regulation, and reuse. Limited information about NHIW generation with spatial and sectoral details has impeded the systematization of reuse efforts to move towards a resource-efficient economy. In this article, we develop a methodological framework that makes the best use of fragmented and limited observational data to infer the confidence intervals of NHIW generation by sector, location, and year across the United States. The framework decomposes the quantity of NHIW into two factors: the activity level (economic output) and the waste intensity factor (waste tonnage generated per unit of output). It statistically infers the probability distribution of the waste intensity factor and extrapolates waste tonnages to the entire country. In our demonstrative application of the method, we provide an updated estimate for spent foundry sand and find that its total amount in the United States decreased from 2.2–7.1 million tons in 2004 to 1.4–4.7 million tons in 2014. The spatial distribution, however, was highly uneven, with over 90% of the waste generated in 10% of the counties, indicating great variations in reuse potentials and benefits among regions. Our methodological framework makes a significant departure from existing estimations that usually rely on averaging limited observations or expert judgments biased by subjectivity. Detailing spatial and sectoral distributions and temporal trends in NHIW generation and reuse benefits, our study could inform more systematic strategies on waste and materials management to build a circular economy.

ACS Style

Xiao Li; Marian Chertow; Shengjie Guo; Emma Johnson; DaQian Jiang. Estimating non-hazardous industrial waste generation by sector, location, and year in the United States: A methodological framework and case example of spent foundry sand. Waste Management 2020, 118, 563 -572.

AMA Style

Xiao Li, Marian Chertow, Shengjie Guo, Emma Johnson, DaQian Jiang. Estimating non-hazardous industrial waste generation by sector, location, and year in the United States: A methodological framework and case example of spent foundry sand. Waste Management. 2020; 118 ():563-572.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Li; Marian Chertow; Shengjie Guo; Emma Johnson; DaQian Jiang. 2020. "Estimating non-hazardous industrial waste generation by sector, location, and year in the United States: A methodological framework and case example of spent foundry sand." Waste Management 118, no. : 563-572.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2020 in Sustainability
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The Hawaiian Islands form a holarchic system with at least five nested layers (holons) at increasing spatial scales: from a single enterprise to cities, to individual islands, to the archipelago (the group of islands), and to the global resource base that connects them all. Each holonic layer operates individually but is also linked to holons at lower and higher levels by material input and output flows. An integrated study of the holarchic system allows us to explore the value of applying this concept to industrial ecology. We present examples from a multi-level material flow analysis combining a large quantity of material and energy flow data for Hawaii from the five holarchic levels. Our analysis demonstrates how a holarchic approach to the study of selected interacting systems can reveal features and linkages of their metabolism not otherwise apparent and can provide a novel basis for discovering material, energy, and societal connections.

ACS Style

Marian R. Chertow; Thomas E. Graedel; Koichi S. Kanaoka; Jooyoung Park. The Hawaiian Islands: Conceptualizing an Industrial Ecology Holarchic System. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3104 .

AMA Style

Marian R. Chertow, Thomas E. Graedel, Koichi S. Kanaoka, Jooyoung Park. The Hawaiian Islands: Conceptualizing an Industrial Ecology Holarchic System. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (8):3104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marian R. Chertow; Thomas E. Graedel; Koichi S. Kanaoka; Jooyoung Park. 2020. "The Hawaiian Islands: Conceptualizing an Industrial Ecology Holarchic System." Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3104.

Journal article
Published: 10 March 2020 in Nature Communications
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Reducing food waste is widely recognized as critical for improving resource efficiency and meeting the nutritional demand of a growing human population. Here we explore whether the sharing economy can provide meaningful assistance to reducing food waste in a relatively low-impact and environmentally-sound way. Analyzing 170,000 postings on a popular peer-to-peer food-sharing app, we find that over 19 months, 90t of food waste with an equivalent retail value of £0.7 million were collected by secondary consumers and diverted from disposal. An environmental analysis focused on Greater London reveals that these exchanges were responsible for avoiding emission of 87–156t of CO2eq. Our results indicate that most exchanges were among users associated with lower income yet higher levels of education. These findings, together with the high collection rates (60% on average) suggest that the sharing economy may offer powerful means for improving resource efficiency and reducing food waste.

ACS Style

Tamar Makov; Alon Shepon; Jonathan Krones; Clare Gupta; Marian Chertow. Social and environmental analysis of food waste abatement via the peer-to-peer sharing economy. Nature Communications 2020, 11, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Tamar Makov, Alon Shepon, Jonathan Krones, Clare Gupta, Marian Chertow. Social and environmental analysis of food waste abatement via the peer-to-peer sharing economy. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tamar Makov; Alon Shepon; Jonathan Krones; Clare Gupta; Marian Chertow. 2020. "Social and environmental analysis of food waste abatement via the peer-to-peer sharing economy." Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 1-8.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 10 May 2019 in Environmental Research Letters
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If the material intensive enterprises in an urban area of several million people shared physical resources that might otherwise be wasted, what environmental and public benefits would result? This study develops an algorithm based on lifecycle assessment tools for determining a city's industrial symbiosis potential - that is, the sum of the wastes and byproducts from a city's industrial enterprises that could reasonably serve as resource inputs to other local industrial processes. Rather than report, as do many previous papers, on private benefits to firms, this investigation focuses on public benefits to cities by converting the maximum quantity of resources recoverable by local enterprises into an estimate of the capacity of municipal infrastructure conserved in terms of landfill space and water demand. The results here test this novel approach for the district of Mysuru (Mysore), India. We find that the industrial symbiosis potential calculated based on analysis of the inputs and outputs of ~1,000 urban enterprises, translates into 84,000 tons of industrial waste, greater than 74,000 tons of CO2e, and 22 million liters per day of wastewater. The method introduced here demonstrates how industrial symbiosis links private production and public infrastructure to improve the resource efficiency of a city by creating an opportunity to extend the capacity of public infrastructure and generate public health co-benefits.

ACS Style

Marian Chertow; Matthew Gordon; Peter Hirsch; Anu Ramaswami. Industrial symbiosis potential and urban infrastructure capacity in Mysuru, India. Environmental Research Letters 2019, 14, 075003 .

AMA Style

Marian Chertow, Matthew Gordon, Peter Hirsch, Anu Ramaswami. Industrial symbiosis potential and urban infrastructure capacity in Mysuru, India. Environmental Research Letters. 2019; 14 (7):075003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marian Chertow; Matthew Gordon; Peter Hirsch; Anu Ramaswami. 2019. "Industrial symbiosis potential and urban infrastructure capacity in Mysuru, India." Environmental Research Letters 14, no. 7: 075003.

Journal article
Published: 08 September 2018 in Waste Management
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Waste-sector greenhouse gas emissions have long been accepted as a critical component of climate change mitigation efforts because of the significant radiative forcing of methane (CH4) production from municipal landfills and other emissions from waste management processes. In developed countries, waste generation is expected to peak and decline by the end of the century, whereas waste generation is rapidly rising in many developing nations. The extent to which the countries of the world are planning to handle future quantities of waste has not been explored in detail. This work provides the first detailed account of future waste management planning and waste-sector mitigation strategies through an analysis of stated commitments in the 174 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs, documents outlining each country’s actions to mitigate carbon emissions and adapt to a changing climate) that have been filed to date within the Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat in Bonn. One-hundred thirty-seven of 174 countries that submitted NDCs included waste-sector emission mitigation actions, representing approximately 85% of all global emissions. About half (67) of the countries that included waste sector mitigation tactics identified infrastructure or policy actions to meet mitigation commitments, but these strategies vary widely in their scope and level of detail. Landfilling was the most commonly-cited waste-sector commitment (n = 47), followed by deriving energy from waste through various techniques (n = 42). Countries targeting improved solid waste collections had less extensive coverage (µcollection = 38% of generated waste collected) than countries that did not prioritize improved collections (µcollection = 46% of waste generation), but countries not prioritizing the waste sector at all in NDCs had the most limited waste collection coverage (µcollection = 33%). Almost all of the countries that specified emissions inventory assumptions (132 of 135) use outdated CH4 global warming potential values which, coupled with missing or poor waste management data suggests many countries may be underestimating the importance of waste sector emissions in national emissions portfolios. Several examples of data collection and reporting models are identified that can help to inform and potentially improve life-cycle environmental outcomes in the waste sector. Adaptation strategies detailed in NDCs have largely overlooked the waste sector, suggesting inadequate incorporation of future climate scenarios in waste sector infrastructure planning.

ACS Style

Jon T. Powell; Marian R. Chertow; Daniel C. Esty. Where is global waste management heading? An analysis of solid waste sector commitments from nationally-determined contributions. Waste Management 2018, 80, 137 -143.

AMA Style

Jon T. Powell, Marian R. Chertow, Daniel C. Esty. Where is global waste management heading? An analysis of solid waste sector commitments from nationally-determined contributions. Waste Management. 2018; 80 ():137-143.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jon T. Powell; Marian R. Chertow; Daniel C. Esty. 2018. "Where is global waste management heading? An analysis of solid waste sector commitments from nationally-determined contributions." Waste Management 80, no. : 137-143.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Stijn van Ewijk; Joo Young Park; Marian R. Chertow. Quantifying the system-wide recovery potential of waste in the global paper life cycle. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2018, 134, 48 -60.

AMA Style

Stijn van Ewijk, Joo Young Park, Marian R. Chertow. Quantifying the system-wide recovery potential of waste in the global paper life cycle. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2018; 134 ():48-60.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stijn van Ewijk; Joo Young Park; Marian R. Chertow. 2018. "Quantifying the system-wide recovery potential of waste in the global paper life cycle." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 134, no. : 48-60.

Research and analysis
Published: 30 March 2018 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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The current system of production and consumption needs end‐of‐life disposal to function, but the linkage between upstream production‐consumption with the downstream landfill as terminus is, at best, a tenuous, one‐way relationship, suggesting a partial system failure. A starting point to fix this link is to confront, systematically, the messy “black box” that is mixed waste landfilling, interrogate its contents locally, and determine a baseline that can be used to scale up results. Here, we develop a detailed model characterizing landfilled municipal solid waste (MSW) in the United States across the dimensions of material quantity, quality, location, and time. The model triangulates measurements spanning 1,161 landfills (representing up to 95% of landfilled MSW) and 15,169 solid waste samples collected and analyzed at 222 sites across the United States. We confirm that landfilled quantities of paper (63 million megagrams [Mg]), food waste (35 million Mg), plastic (32 million Mg, textiles (10 million Mg), and electronic waste (3.5 million Mg) are far larger than computed by previous top‐down U.S. government estimates. We estimate the cost of MSW landfill disposal in 2015 (10.7 billion U.S. dollars [USD]) and gross lost commodity value of recyclable material (1.4 billion USD). Further, we estimate landfill methane emissions to be up to 14% greater (mass basis) than the 2015 U.S. inventory. By principally relying on measurements of waste quantity and type that are recorded annually, the model can inform more effective, targeted interventions to divert waste materials from landfill disposal, improve local, regional, and national emission estimates, enhance dissipative loss estimates in material flow analyses, and illuminate the dynamics linking material, energy, and economic dimensions to production, consumption, and disposal cycles.

ACS Style

Jon T. Powell; Marian R. Chertow. Quantity, Components, and Value of Waste Materials Landfilled in the United States. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2018, 23, 466 -479.

AMA Style

Jon T. Powell, Marian R. Chertow. Quantity, Components, and Value of Waste Materials Landfilled in the United States. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2018; 23 (2):466-479.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jon T. Powell; Marian R. Chertow. 2018. "Quantity, Components, and Value of Waste Materials Landfilled in the United States." Journal of Industrial Ecology 23, no. 2: 466-479.

Document
Published: 28 March 2018 in Ecology
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Industrial ecology (IE) tracks physical resource flows of industrial and consumer systems at a variety of spatial scales, drawing on environmental and social science, engineering, management, and policy analysis. Prescriptively, IE seeks to reduce environmental impacts and the pressure on natural resources while maintaining function for human well-being, by stressing the importance of production choices to extend the life of embedded materials and energy, emphasizing circular rather than linear flows, and decoupling economic growth from resource use. IE has been described as a “post-modern science” that synthesizes multiple perspectives in theory and problem solving, often simultaneously, as a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary field. The unusual name “industrial ecology” derives from a metaphor with the biological ecosystem and borrows on several fronts, such as its focus on resource cycling, multi-scalar systems, material and energy stocks and flows, and food webs. Over time concepts from other sciences have also been weaved into industrial ecology. The intellectual roots of industrial ecology date back to the 19th century, and some seminal methods were published in the 1960s and 1970s. It took until the early 1990s, however, before a scientific field began to take shape. Since its early days, industrial ecology has become more robust through database development, deeper mathematical modeling, collaboration among natural, physical, and social scientists, and extension of theory on its own and in dialogue with other allied fields. At the same time, industrial ecology increasingly contributes insights to environmental management and policy, on issues ranging from climate change, to biodiversity loss, water, and more. Despite its youth, breadth, and intersection with other disciplines, industrial ecology can lay claim to several subfields as being within its ambit: industrial symbiosis, which studies the exchange of byproducts and sharing of resources among industrial actors; socioeconomic metabolism and material flows analysis, focusing on the stocks and flows of various materials through society; life-cycle assessment, examining the environmental impact of a material, product, or system across its entire life cycle; environmental input-output analysis, broadly focused on the environmental impact of entire sectors of the economy; sustainable urban systems, with focus on metabolism of resources at the urban scale; and resource productivity and circular economy, addressing the effectiveness of resource use while decreasing its impact. In addition to these core subfields, other topics are more loosely linked with industrial ecology, including green chemistry, life-cycle engineering, social ecology, design for environment, and ecological economics.

ACS Style

Marian Chertow; Reid Lifset; Tom Yang. Industrial Ecology. Ecology 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Marian Chertow, Reid Lifset, Tom Yang. Industrial Ecology. Ecology. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marian Chertow; Reid Lifset; Tom Yang. 2018. "Industrial Ecology." Ecology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2017 in Regulation & Governance
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Regulatory behavior and effectiveness in authoritarian settings are subject to alternative characterizations. By tracing enforcement processes through a variety of case studies, this article proposes and refines a new model, at least with respect to energy efficiency regulations in China: authoritarian but responsive. Local rulemaking and operationalization is authoritarian, with strong and coordinative bodies of regulation, strategic plans, and active involvement of local authorities. Local authorities, however, often find themselves facing a welter of laws imposed on companies that create competing priorities for these local officials who then must struggle to find pragmatic solutions. On numerous occasions, such satisficing behavior by local officials makes them responsive to the performance and demands of regulated firms. Embedded in the decentralized authoritarian context, the authoritarian but responsive approach is found to be a rational choice of local governments and different from previous conceptualizations. It helps local governments coordinate across a diverse array of regulatory issues. Drawing on environmental enforcement in China, the model provides consistent explanations for the seemingly changing and discretionary enforcement incidents.

ACS Style

Junming Zhu; Marian R. Chertow. Authoritarian but responsive: L ocal regulation of industrial energy efficiency in J iangsu, C hina. Regulation & Governance 2017, 13, 384 -404.

AMA Style

Junming Zhu, Marian R. Chertow. Authoritarian but responsive: L ocal regulation of industrial energy efficiency in J iangsu, C hina. Regulation & Governance. 2017; 13 (3):384-404.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Junming Zhu; Marian R. Chertow. 2017. "Authoritarian but responsive: L ocal regulation of industrial energy efficiency in J iangsu, C hina." Regulation & Governance 13, no. 3: 384-404.

Research article
Published: 12 July 2017 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used petrochemical compound, has become an emerging global environmental management challenge because its leakage is associated with potential environmental and human health impacts. Until now, available BPA statistics have been limited to the products that directly use BPA. In this study, we delineate direct and indirect flows for the 2012 Chinese economy. We find that construction, production of educational and recreational products, and automobile manufacturing are the most BPA-intensive sectors in terms of total BPA flows (300, 157, and 130 Gg total BPA flows respectively). The public management and health sectors, however, incur significant indirect BPA flows, defined as embedded and inter-sectoral BPA placed into use, even though direct BPA use by these sectors is limited. By revealing the currently-overlooked indirect BPA flows, this study reveals data gaps that are highly relevant to improving the accuracy of estimated BPA flows and losses. The method used herein is transferrable to other emerging and environmentally-relevant materials, thereby providing the holistic understanding needed for cities, regions, or nations to design effective policy interventions.

ACS Style

DaQian Jiang; Wei-Qiang Chen; Wei Liu; Marian Chertow. Inter-Sectoral Bisphenol A (BPA) Flows in the 2012 Chinese Economy. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51, 8654 -8662.

AMA Style

DaQian Jiang, Wei-Qiang Chen, Wei Liu, Marian Chertow. Inter-Sectoral Bisphenol A (BPA) Flows in the 2012 Chinese Economy. Environmental Science & Technology. 2017; 51 (15):8654-8662.

Chicago/Turabian Style

DaQian Jiang; Wei-Qiang Chen; Wei Liu; Marian Chertow. 2017. "Inter-Sectoral Bisphenol A (BPA) Flows in the 2012 Chinese Economy." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 15: 8654-8662.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2017 in Sustainability
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This study revisits the Guitang Group, one of the best known industrial symbiosis cases in the sugar industry. Our goal is to offer an evolutionary understanding of industrial symbiosis at the Guitang Group. This article focuses on the organizational boundary change of the Guitang Group over time, and acknowledges this process as one of the seven industrial symbiosis dynamics proposed by Boons et al. We offer a historical view of the critical forces behind Guitang’s industrial symbiosis evolution since the 1950s; particularly how these changes were influenced by broader economic and institutional contexts of importance in China. These insights include the role of institutionalized research and development (R&D) as well as technology-oriented leadership as driving forces for Guitang’s innovation, particularly since the 1990s, when greater efficiency and productivity were emphasized, leading to the establishment of further symbiotic relationships in the company’s evolutionary process. As a result, the Guitang Group grew from 2 internal to 11 internal and external symbiotic exchanges and is now a conglomeration with more than 3000 employees generating more than 1 billion RMB (150 million USD) in revenue annually. The driving forces of the Guitang Group’s industrial symbiosis evolution helped to create, disseminate and share information by continuously reinforcing the industrial symbiosis message as part of the Guitang Group’s business model and competitive strategy. In addition, state-level policies such as establishing the Guigang (the city where Guitang is located) Eco-Industrial Park enabled industrial symbiosis in Guitang. This study provides prospects for future research on the organizational boundary change dynamic of industrial symbiosis in the sugar manufacturing industry and beyond.

ACS Style

Lin Shi; Marian Chertow. Organizational Boundary Change in Industrial Symbiosis: Revisiting the Guitang Group in China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1085 .

AMA Style

Lin Shi, Marian Chertow. Organizational Boundary Change in Industrial Symbiosis: Revisiting the Guitang Group in China. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (7):1085.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin Shi; Marian Chertow. 2017. "Organizational Boundary Change in Industrial Symbiosis: Revisiting the Guitang Group in China." Sustainability 9, no. 7: 1085.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Ecological Economics
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Junming Zhu; Marian R. Chertow. Business Strategy Under Institutional Constraints: Evidence From China's Energy Efficiency Regulations. Ecological Economics 2017, 135, 10 -21.

AMA Style

Junming Zhu, Marian R. Chertow. Business Strategy Under Institutional Constraints: Evidence From China's Energy Efficiency Regulations. Ecological Economics. 2017; 135 ():10-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Junming Zhu; Marian R. Chertow. 2017. "Business Strategy Under Institutional Constraints: Evidence From China's Energy Efficiency Regulations." Ecological Economics 135, no. : 10-21.

Research article
Published: 06 October 2016 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Waste generation is expected to increase in most countries for many decades with landfill disposal still the dominant solid waste management method1–3. Yet, operational characteristics of landfills are often poorly understood with comparative statistics substantially lacking. Here, we call for a more formal waste informatics to organize and standardize waste management knowledge at multiple spatial scales through analysis of recently reported data from 1232 U.S. landfills and other high resolution data sets. We create the first known estimate of available U.S. municipal waste stocks (8.5 billion tonnes) and go on to resolve these stocks at the county level, reflecting prospective urban mining opportunities. Our analysis of disposal rates and landfill capacities reveals that more than half of U.S. states have more than 25 years of life remaining. We also estimate the gross energy potential of landfill gas in the U.S. (338 billion MJ/yr) by examining 922 operational methane collection systems and demonstrate that the greatest energy recovery opportunities lie at landfills with existing collection systems and energy conversion infrastructure. Finally, we found that the number of landfills reaching the federally defined 30-year postclosure care period will more than triple in the coming two decades, with 264 sites expected by the year 2044, highlighting the need to develop and standardize metrics carefully to define and standardize when it is appropriate to end or scale back long-term landfill monitoring.

ACS Style

Jon T. Powell; José C. Pons; Marian Chertow. Waste Informatics: Establishing Characteristics of Contemporary U.S. Landfill Quantities and Practices. Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50, 10877 -10884.

AMA Style

Jon T. Powell, José C. Pons, Marian Chertow. Waste Informatics: Establishing Characteristics of Contemporary U.S. Landfill Quantities and Practices. Environmental Science & Technology. 2016; 50 (20):10877-10884.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jon T. Powell; José C. Pons; Marian Chertow. 2016. "Waste Informatics: Establishing Characteristics of Contemporary U.S. Landfill Quantities and Practices." Environmental Science & Technology 50, no. 20: 10877-10884.

Research article
Published: 09 February 2016 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Using nonhazardous wastes as inputs to production creates environmental benefits by avoiding disposal impacts, mitigating manufacturing impacts, and conserving virgin resources. China has incentivized reuse since the 1980s through the “Comprehensive Utilization of Resources (CUR)” policy. To test whether and to what extent environmental benefits are generated, 862 instances in Jiangsu, China are analyzed, representing eight industrial sectors and 25 products that qualified for tax relief through CUR. Benefits are determined by comparing life cycle inventories for the same product from baseline and CUR-certified production, adjusted for any difference in the use phase. More than 50 million tonnes of solid wastes were reused, equivalent to 51% of the provincial industrial total. Benefits included reduction of 161 petajoules of energy, 23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, 75 000 tonnes of SO2 equivalent, 33 000 tonnes of NOX, and 28 000 tonnes of PM10 equivalent, which were 2.5%–7.3% of the provincial industrial consumption and emissions. The benefits vary substantially across industries, among products within the same industry, and when comparing alternative reuse processes for the same waste. This first assessment of CUR results shows that CUR has established a firm foundation for a circular economy, but also suggest additional opportunities to refine incentives under CUR to increase environmental gain.

ACS Style

Junming Zhu; Marian R. Chertow. Greening Industrial Production through Waste Recovery: “Comprehensive Utilization of Resources” in China. Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50, 2175 -2182.

AMA Style

Junming Zhu, Marian R. Chertow. Greening Industrial Production through Waste Recovery: “Comprehensive Utilization of Resources” in China. Environmental Science & Technology. 2016; 50 (5):2175-2182.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Junming Zhu; Marian R. Chertow. 2016. "Greening Industrial Production through Waste Recovery: “Comprehensive Utilization of Resources” in China." Environmental Science & Technology 50, no. 5: 2175-2182.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2016 in Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology
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Industrial symbiosis, a subfield of industrial ecology, engages traditionally separate industries and entities in a collaborative approach to resource sharing that benefits both the environment and the economy. This chapter examines the period 1989–2014 to “take stock” of industrial symbiosis. First, we look at the earliest days to discuss what inspired industrial symbiosis both in the scholarly literature and in practice. Next, we draw attention to certain dilemmas and sharpen the distinctions between industrial symbiosis and some related concepts such as eco-industrial parks and environmentally balanced industrial complexes. With regard to dissemination of industrial symbiosis ideas, we found that at the country level, China has now received the most attention in industrial symbiosis academic research and this continues to grow rapidly. The final section looks at both theory (conceptual knowledge largely from academia) and practice (on-the-ground experience of public, not-for-profit, and private organizations working to implement industrial symbiosis) as both are essential to industrial symbiosis. A bibliometric analysis of the scholarly work, capturing 391 articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science for 20 years between 1995 and 2014, is used to define and track the types of articles, how the mix of articles has changed over time, and what the most popular journals are. Taking a closer look at the research literature, distinct themes are identified and discussed such as the scale of industrial symbiosis, whether industrial symbiosis is based on planning or self-organization, the role of social factors, and what is known about the actual performance of industrial symbiosis. To assess important issues with regard to practice, we compile a list of industrial symbiosis-related events from database searches of reports, media, and key consulting and business organizations and examine trends, mechanisms, and motivations of industrial symbiosis practice by surveying key practitioners and academics. Since 1989, there has been significant uptake of industrial symbiosis around the world as shown by the increasing number of journal articles and also events on the ground. Industrial symbiosis has become more geographically and institutionally diverse, as more organizations in more countries learn about the ideas and diffuse regionally specific versions. This presents additional opportunities to understand the phenomenon, but also makes the search to embrace a coherent framework more immediate.

ACS Style

Marian Chertow; Jooyoung Park. Scholarship and Practice in Industrial Symbiosis: 1989–2014. Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology 2016, 87 -116.

AMA Style

Marian Chertow, Jooyoung Park. Scholarship and Practice in Industrial Symbiosis: 1989–2014. Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology. 2016; ():87-116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marian Chertow; Jooyoung Park. 2016. "Scholarship and Practice in Industrial Symbiosis: 1989–2014." Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology , no. : 87-116.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2014 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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Samuel W. Short; Nancy M.P. Bocken; Claire Y. Barlow; Marian Chertow. From Refining Sugar to Growing Tomatoes. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2014, 18, 603 -618.

AMA Style

Samuel W. Short, Nancy M.P. Bocken, Claire Y. Barlow, Marian Chertow. From Refining Sugar to Growing Tomatoes. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2014; 18 (5):603-618.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel W. Short; Nancy M.P. Bocken; Claire Y. Barlow; Marian Chertow. 2014. "From Refining Sugar to Growing Tomatoes." Journal of Industrial Ecology 18, no. 5: 603-618.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2014 in Journal of Environmental Management
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This study advances contemporary ideas promoting the importance of managing wastes as resources such as closed-loop or circular material economies, and sustainable materials management by reinforcing the notion of a resource-based paradigm rather than a waste-based one. It features the creation of a quantitative tool, the "reuse potential indicator" to specify how "resource-like" versus how "waste-like" specific materials are on a continuum. Even with increasing attention to waste reuse and resource conservation, constant changes in product composition and complexity have left material managers without adequate guidance to make decisions about what is technically feasible to recover from the discard stream even before markets can be considered. The reuse potential indicator is developed to aid management decision-making about waste based not on perception but more objectively on the technical ability of the materials to be reused in commerce. This new indicator is based on the extent of technological innovation and commercial application of actual reuse approaches identified and cataloged. Coal combustion by-products (CCBs) provide the test case for calculating the reuse potential indicator. While CCBs are often perceived as wastes and then isolated in landfills or surface impoundments, there is also a century-long history in the industry of developing technologies to reuse CCBs. The recent statistics show that most CCBs generated in Europe and Japan are reused (90-95%), but only 40-45% of CCBs are used in the United States. According to the reuse potential calculation, however, CCBs in the United States have high technical reusability. Of the four CCBs examined under three different regulatory schemes, reuse potential for boiler slag and flue-gas desulfurization gypsum maintains a value greater than 0.8 on a 0-1 scale, indicating they are at least 80% resource-like. Under current regulation in the United States, both fly ash and bottom ash are 80-90% resource-like. Very strict regulation would remove many reuse options decreasing potential for these two CCBs to 30% resource-like. A more holistic view of waste and broad application of the new indicator would make clear what technologies are available and assist public and private decision makers in setting quantitative material reuse targets from a new knowledge base that reinforces a resource-based paradigm.

ACS Style

Joo Young Park; Marian Chertow. Establishing and testing the “reuse potential” indicator for managing wastes as resources. Journal of Environmental Management 2014, 137, 45 -53.

AMA Style

Joo Young Park, Marian Chertow. Establishing and testing the “reuse potential” indicator for managing wastes as resources. Journal of Environmental Management. 2014; 137 ():45-53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joo Young Park; Marian Chertow. 2014. "Establishing and testing the “reuse potential” indicator for managing wastes as resources." Journal of Environmental Management 137, no. : 45-53.

Book chapter
Published: 25 September 2013 in The Social Embeddedness of Industrial Ecology
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ACS Style

Marian R. Chertow; Weslynne S. Ashton; Frank Boons; Jennifer Howard-Grenville. The Social Embeddedness of Industrial Symbiosis Linkages in Puerto Rican Industrial Regions. The Social Embeddedness of Industrial Ecology 2013, 1 .

AMA Style

Marian R. Chertow, Weslynne S. Ashton, Frank Boons, Jennifer Howard-Grenville. The Social Embeddedness of Industrial Symbiosis Linkages in Puerto Rican Industrial Regions. The Social Embeddedness of Industrial Ecology. 2013; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marian R. Chertow; Weslynne S. Ashton; Frank Boons; Jennifer Howard-Grenville. 2013. "The Social Embeddedness of Industrial Symbiosis Linkages in Puerto Rican Industrial Regions." The Social Embeddedness of Industrial Ecology , no. : 1.