Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications are seriously affecting public health worldwide. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the primary cause of death in patients with T2DM. T2DM patients without a history of coronary artery disease (CAD) have the same risk of major coronary events as those with CAD; T2DM patients with a history of MI have >40% risk of recurrence of MI. Thus, CAD in patients with T2DM needs to be treated actively to reduce the risk of MI. The cardiology community focused on the role of T2DM in the development of CAD and on the related issues of T2DM and MI with respect to comorbidities, prognosis, drug therapy, and heredity. In this mini review, the latest progress of clinical evidence-based research between T2DM and MI in recent years was reviewed, and the possible research directions in this field were considered and prospected.

Background: Emerging evidence has linked gut microbiota (GM) and its related metabolites to atherosclerosis (AS). This study aimed to analyze the evolution of GM in AS in the past decades, and provide valuable insights in this field.Methods: Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) was applied to retrieve the publications related to GM in AS from their inception until 2 December 2021, and the data was analyzed in Microsoft Excel, Scimago Graphica, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer.Results: In total, 560 documents were extracted from the WoSCC databases. The publications have shown rapid growth since 2008. China and Cleveland Clin were the most prolific country and institution, respectively. The journal with the most publications is Nutrients, and Nature was the most co-cited journal. Among 3556 related authors, Hazen, Stanley L., Tang, W. H. Wilson, and Wang, Zeneng were the top 3 contributing authors in this field. Aside from “gut microbiota,” “atherosclerosis,” the terms “TMAO,” “metabolite,” “obesity,” and “phosphatidylcholine” were frequently occurred in the abstract and title of articles. Burst detection of keywords indicated that “metabolic syndrome,” “acid,” and “bile acid” were hot topics in recent years. According to the co-citation analysis of references, the research focus in this area has changed over time, and recent researches focus on choline, hypertension, butyrate, and berberine.Conclusion: Our study showed that the researches of GM in AS have been flourishing, and the content themes were constantly deepened. Human GM is critical to atherosclerotic diseases, and this hot topic is still worthy of more focus in the future.

Background: Chronic stable angina (CSA) is a cardiovascular disease with high prevalence. At present, drug treatment is still the main measure of stable angina pectoris. Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history in the treatment of CSA. Qi stagnation and Blood stasis syndrome is a common syndrome of CSA. Xinnaoning (XNN) capsule is considered as an effective adjuvant treatment for CSA with the efficacy of promoting qi and blood circulation but lack of high-quality clinical evidence. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of XNN capsule compared with placebo by clinical trial. Methods: This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial will be conducted with a total of 240 participants diagnosed with chronic stable angina (qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome). The participants will be randomized (1:1) into groups receiving either XNN or placebo for 12 weeks. After a 2-week run-in period, they will receive either XNN or placebo (3 pills, 3 times daily) for 12 weeks on the basis of conventional therapy. The primary outcomes include changes in the integral scores of angina symptoms. The secondary outcome measures include changes in the total score of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome, severity grading of angina pectoris, the number of angina pectoris per week, nitroglycerin dosage, score of seattle angina scale, serum homocysteine, incidence of cardiovascular events. Safety outcomes will also be assessed. Adverse events will be monitored throughout the trial. Results: This study will investigate whether XNN capsule can alleviate clinical symptoms, and improve quality of life of patients with chronic stable angina (qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome). The results of this study will provide clinical evidence for the application of XNN capsule in the treatment of chronic stable angina. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT 03914131.

泛血管衰老理念的提出为老年心血管共病的防治以及老年共病机制研究提供理论依据和转化研究思路。泛血管衰老存在时间维度的时序性衰退与空间维度的多器官血管损伤的双重特征，其受到泛血管微环境的复杂动态网络调控。本文首先对泛血管衰老的内涵及多重典型特征进行了概述，然后重点阐述了泛血管微环境（残余风险、易损因素、炎症状态等）对血管衰老的主要研究进展，并围绕“心脑血管共病、心–肾–代谢综合征、心–外周血管共病、心肺血管共病”的泛血管衰老机制及转化应用面临的瓶颈问题进行了论述，提出建立泛血管衰老危险分层预警模型、中西医数智融合泛血管早期识别体系、多学科交叉泛血管衰老老年心血管共病防治一体化平台，最后展望了整合时空多组学技术，绘制泛血管衰老时空图谱，揭示跨器官血管衰老调控靶点，研发针对泛血管衰老共病靶点的新型药物为未来研究方向与应用前景。