To date, previous studies have reported the adverse effects of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) on both freshwater and marine organisms. However, the information on MPs' and NPs' effects on shrimp species is scarce. In addition, the factors influencing the distribution of these particles in aquatic systems have been explained, yet the mechanisms behind MPs and NPs distribution and consumption, specifically to crustaceans and shrimp, have not been elucidated in detail. The effects of MPs and NPs as well as plastic-carried contaminants and pathogens on shrimp are critical to shrimp production and subsequent human consumption. Recent findings are required to review and discuss to open up new avenues for emerging Shrimp and crustacean research for sustainability. This review summarizes the distribution and fate of MPs and NPs along with contaminants and pathogens and identifies potential risks to shrimp health. The transport of MPs and NPs is influenced by their plastic properties, hydrodynamics, and water properties. Additionally, the fate of these particles on a plastic surface (plastisphere) is regulated by contaminant properties. Pathogens thriving on plastic surfaces and contaminants adsorbed can reach aquatic organisms directly with plastic particles or indirectly after release to an aquatic environment. MPs and NPs can be absorbed by shrimp through their gills and mouth and accumulate in their internal organs. Innate immunity influenced the degree of survival rate, tissue damage, alteration of gut microbiota, and increased oxidative stress caused by MPs and NPs accumulation. The studies on the effects of MPs and NPs are still not sufficient to understand how these particles are absorbed from various parts of the shrimp body and the fate of these plastics inside the body.

Organisms release their nucleic acid in the environment, including the DNA and RNA, which can be used to detect their presence. eDNA/eRNA techniques are being used in different sectors to identify organisms from soil, water, air, and ice. The advancement in technology led to easier detection of different organisms without impacting the environment or the organism itself. These methods are being employed in different areas, including surveillance, history, and conservation. eDNA and eRNA methods are being extensively used in aquaculture and fisheries settings to understand the presence of different fish species and pathogens in water. However, there are some challenges associated with the reliability of results because of the degradation of nucleic acid by several factors. In aquaculture, there are several diseases and parasites detected with these methods. In this review, we discuss different aquaculture diseases and parasites detected with eDNA/eRNA approach and the fate of these nucleic acids when subjected to different water quality and environmental parameters. This review intends to help the researcher with the potential of eDNA/eRNA-based detection of pathogens in aquaculture; this will be useful to predict a potential outbreak before it occurs. Along with that, this paper intends to help people understand several factors that degrade and can hamper the detection of these nucleic acids.

Organisms release their nucleic acid in the environment including the DNA and RNA which can be used to detect their presence. eDNA/eRNA techniques are being used in different sectors to identify organisms from soil, water, air, and ice since long. The advancement in technology led to easier detection of different organisms without impacting the environment and the organism itself. These methods are being employed in different areas including surveillance, history, and conservation. eDNA and eRNA methods are being extensively used in aquaculture and fisheries setting to understand the presence of different fish species and pathogens in water. However, there are some challenges associated with the reliability of the results because of the degradation of nucleic acid by several factors. In aquaculture there are several diseases and parasites detected with these methods. In this review we discuss different aquaculture diseases and parasites detected with eDNA/eRNA approach and the fate of these nucleic acids when subjected to different water quality and environmental parameters. This review intends to help the researcher about the potential of eDNA/eRNA based detection of pathogens in aquaculture; this will be useful to predict the potential outbreak before it occurs. Along with that this paper intends to make people understand several factors that degrade and can hamper the detection of these nucleic acids.