To date, previous studies have reported the adverse effects of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) on both freshwater and marine organisms. However, the information on MPs' and NPs' effects on shrimp species is scarce. In addition, the factors influencing the distribution of these particles in aquatic systems have been explained, yet the mechanisms behind MPs and NPs distribution and consumption, specifically to crustaceans and shrimp, have not been elucidated in detail. The effects of MPs and NPs as well as plastic-carried contaminants and pathogens on shrimp are critical to shrimp production and subsequent human consumption. Recent findings are required to review and discuss to open up new avenues for emerging Shrimp and crustacean research for sustainability. This review summarizes the distribution and fate of MPs and NPs along with contaminants and pathogens and identifies potential risks to shrimp health. The transport of MPs and NPs is influenced by their plastic properties, hydrodynamics, and water properties. Additionally, the fate of these particles on a plastic surface (plastisphere) is regulated by contaminant properties. Pathogens thriving on plastic surfaces and contaminants adsorbed can reach aquatic organisms directly with plastic particles or indirectly after release to an aquatic environment. MPs and NPs can be absorbed by shrimp through their gills and mouth and accumulate in their internal organs. Innate immunity influenced the degree of survival rate, tissue damage, alteration of gut microbiota, and increased oxidative stress caused by MPs and NPs accumulation. The studies on the effects of MPs and NPs are still not sufficient to understand how these particles are absorbed from various parts of the shrimp body and the fate of these plastics inside the body.

Organisms release their nucleic acid in the environment, including the DNA and RNA, which can be used to detect their presence. eDNA/eRNA techniques are being used in different sectors to identify organisms from soil, water, air, and ice. The advancement in technology led to easier detection of different organisms without impacting the environment or the organism itself. These methods are being employed in different areas, including surveillance, history, and conservation. eDNA and eRNA methods are being extensively used in aquaculture and fisheries settings to understand the presence of different fish species and pathogens in water. However, there are some challenges associated with the reliability of results because of the degradation of nucleic acid by several factors. In aquaculture, there are several diseases and parasites detected with these methods. In this review, we discuss different aquaculture diseases and parasites detected with eDNA/eRNA approach and the fate of these nucleic acids when subjected to different water quality and environmental parameters. This review intends to help the researcher with the potential of eDNA/eRNA-based detection of pathogens in aquaculture; this will be useful to predict a potential outbreak before it occurs. Along with that, this paper intends to help people understand several factors that degrade and can hamper the detection of these nucleic acids.

This study was conducted during January to April 2018 to evaluate the effect of different postharvest treatments on maintaining quality and shelf life of mandarin. Laboratory experiment was conducted under Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications and seven treatments (T1 = Control i.e. dipped in distilled water, T2 = Cinnamon oil @ 2%, T3 = Eucalyptus oil @2%, T4 = Calcium chloride @1%, T5 = Bavistin @0.1%, T6 = Paraffin Wax @10%, T7 = Paraffin Wax @ 10% + Bavistin @0.1%). Data were recorded in every 2 days interval and the final data was taken in 13 days interval because of the limited destructive sample. Postharvest treatment with wax @10% in combination with Bavistin @0.1% had minimum physiological loss in weight (6.61%) and maximum juice recovery percentage (43.72%) which was statistically at par with wax (10%), Bavistin (0.1%), Cinnamon oil (2%), Eucalyptus oil (2%) and Calcium chloride (1%) treated fruits. Also at the end of storage period the highest Total soluble solute(TSS) content (15.45°Brix) was recorded in Calcium chloride (1%) treated fruits which were statistically at par with control, Eucalyptus oil (2%), Bavistin (0.1%) treated fruits. The pH was found non-significant throughout the storage period whereas postharvest life was found the maximum (73 Days) in fruits treated with wax (10%) in combination with Bavistin (0.1%) while it was only 46 days in control.

Organisms release their nucleic acid in the environment including the DNA and RNA which can be used to detect their presence. eDNA/eRNA techniques are being used in different sectors to identify organisms from soil, water, air, and ice since long. The advancement in technology led to easier detection of different organisms without impacting the environment and the organism itself. These methods are being employed in different areas including surveillance, history, and conservation. eDNA and eRNA methods are being extensively used in aquaculture and fisheries setting to understand the presence of different fish species and pathogens in water. However, there are some challenges associated with the reliability of the results because of the degradation of nucleic acid by several factors. In aquaculture there are several diseases and parasites detected with these methods. In this review we discuss different aquaculture diseases and parasites detected with eDNA/eRNA approach and the fate of these nucleic acids when subjected to different water quality and environmental parameters. This review intends to help the researcher about the potential of eDNA/eRNA based detection of pathogens in aquaculture; this will be useful to predict the potential outbreak before it occurs. Along with that this paper intends to make people understand several factors that degrade and can hamper the detection of these nucleic acids.

In recent years, genomic selection has been widely used in plant breeding to increase genetic gain. Selections are based on breeding values of each genotype estimated using genome-wide markers. The present study developed genomic prediction models for grain protein content (GPC) and test weight (TW) in a diverse panel of 170 spring wheat lines phenotyped in five environments. Five prediction models (GBLUP, RRBLUP, EGBLUP, RF, RKHS) were investigated. The population was genotyped for genome-wide markers with the Infinium iSelect 90 K SNP assay. Environmental variation was adjusted by calculating BLUPs across environments using the complete random effect GxE model. Both GPC and TW showed high heritability of 0.867 and 0.854, respectively. When using the five-fold cross-validation scheme in the five statistical models, we found that the EGBLUP model had the highest mean prediction accuracy (0.743) for GPC, while the RRBLUP model showed the highest mean prediction accuracy (0.650) for TW. Testing various proportions of the training population indicated that a minimum of 100 genotypes were required to train the model for optimum accuracy. Testing the prediction across environments showed that BLUPs outperformed 80% of the tested environments, even though at least one of the environments had higher prediction accuracies for each trait. Thus, the optimized GS model for GPC and TW has the potential to predict trait values accurately. Implementing GS would aid breeding through accurate early generation selection of superior lines, leading to higher genetic gain per breeding cycle.

When the world's population rises, total crop production worldwide is not meeting rising food demand. Focus on developing high yielding single cross hybrids of maize that are resource-efficient under diverse soil and climatic conditions is utmost for countries like Nepal. With the aim of exploring genetic reasons for higher hybrid vigor of single cross hybrid of maize, global genetic importance and addressing the emerging issue of needed higher productivity in Nepal to achieve maize self-sufficiency status, comprehensive review work was performed. Research findings explored that; the Heterosis hypothesis has been widely exploited in crop breeding, resulting in a large increase in yield. The ability analysis is of special importance in cross-pollinated crops like maize as it helps in identifying potential parents that can be used for producing hybrids and synthetics. New molecular tools and techniques can complement traditional methods to allow breeders to tackle priority research areas efficiently. Nepal’s reliance on imported hybrid maize seed and grain increased each year as competitive hybrid cultivars became unavailable within the country. Recently, higher yield gap due to lower productivity, being the major concern in Nepal, single cross hybrids are intervention point. For the countries like Nepal, where achieving higher yield of maize to address self-sufficiency is the nationally prioritized issue, single cross hybrids of maize could be the best way to come up.