The evolution of porosity in shales with increasing maturity was examined in a suite of five New Albany Shale samples spanning a maturity range from immature (vitrinite reflectance, Ro 0.35%) to postmature (Ro 1.41%). Devonian to lower Mississippian New Albany Shale samples from the Illinois Basin used in this study contain marine type II kerogen having total organic carbon contents from 1.2 to 13.0 wt. %. Organic petrology, CO2 and N2 low-pressure adsorption, and mercury intrusion capillary pressure techniques were used to quantify pore volumes, pore sizes, and pore-size distributions. Increasing maturity of the New Albany Shale is paralleled by many changes in the characteristics of porosity. The total porosity of 9.1 vol. % in immature New Albany Shale decreases to 1.5 vol. % in the late mature sample, whereas total pore volumes decrease from 0.0365 to 0.0059 cm3/g in the same sequence. Reversing the trend at even higher maturity, the postmature New Albany Shale exhibits higher porosity and larger total pore volumes compared to the late mature sample. With increasing maturity, changes in total porosity and total pore volumes are accompanied by changes in pore-size distributions and relative proportions of micropores, mesopores, and macropores. Porosity-related variances are directly related to differences in the amount and character of the organic matter and mineralogical composition, but maturity exerts the dominant control upon these characteristics. We conclude that organic matter transformation due to hydrocarbon generation and migration is a pivotal cause of the observed porosity differences.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can provide crucial information on the molecular structure of organic and inorganic components and has been used extensively for chemical characterization of geological samples in the past few decades. In this paper, recent applications of FTIR in the geological sciences are reviewed. Particularly, its use in the characterization of geochemistry and thermal maturation of organic matter in coal and shale is addressed. These investigations demonstrate that the employment of high-resolution micro-FTIR imaging enables visualization and mapping of the distributions of organic matter and minerals on a micrometer scale in geological samples, and promotes an advanced understanding of heterogeneity of organic rich coal and shale. Additionally, micro-FTIR is particularly suitable for in situ, non-destructive characterization of minute microfossils, small fluid and melt inclusions within crystals, and volatiles in glasses and minerals. This technique can also assist in the chemotaxonomic classification of macrofossils such as plant fossils. These features, barely accessible with other analytical techniques, may provide fundamental information on paleoclimate, depositional environment, and the evolution of geological (e.g., volcanic and magmatic) systems.

This study involved analyses of kerogen petrography, gas desorption, geochemistry, microporosity, and mesoporosity of the New Albany Shale (Devonian–Mississippian) in the eastern part of the Illinois Basin. Specifically, detailed core analysis from two locations, one in Owen County, Indiana, and one in Pike County, Indiana, has been conducted. The gas content in the locations studied was primarily dependent on total organic carbon content and the micropore volume of the shales. Gas origin was assessed using stable isotope geochemistry. Measured and modeled vitrinite reflectance values were compared. Depth of burial and formation water salinity dictated different dominant origins of the gas in place in the two locations studied in detail. The shallower Owen County location (415–433 m [1362–1421 ft] deep) contained significant additions of microbial methane, whereas the Pike County location (832–860 m [2730–2822 ft] deep) was characterized exclusively by thermogenic gas. Despite differences in the gas origin, the total gas in both locations was similar, reaching up to 2.1 cm3/g (66 scf/ton). Lower thermogenic gas content in the shallower location (lower maturity and higher loss of gas related to uplift and leakage via relaxed fractures) was compensated for by the additional generation of microbial methane, which was stimulated by an influx of glacial melt water, inducing brine dilution and microbial inoculation. The characteristics of the shale of the Maquoketa Group (Ordovician) in the Pike County location are briefly discussed to provide a comparison to the New Albany Shale.

The distribution of porosity was examined on seven drill cores from west–central Alberta encompassing the Belle Fourche and Second White Specks Formations. These Cenomanian–Turonian mudrocks from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin exhibit good organic richness (>2 wt. % total organic carbon) and marine kerogen type II with limited kerogen type III. With the increasing thermal maturity from approximately 0.43% vitrinite reflectance (Ro) to approximately 0.90% Ro, the total porosity decreases from approximately 9 to approximately 1 vol. %. This change translates to a reduction in total pore volume from approximately 0.05 to approximately 0.005 cm3/g and is accompanied by changes in relative proportions of micropore, mesopore, and macropore volumes. Variations in total porosity for the seven cores with different thermal maturities across Alberta are mainly related to mesoporosity and macroporosity, although the in-core variations in total porosity are mainly related to microporosity. In general, organic matter micropores contribute to the overall microporosity in the seven cores across the study area. The increase in the total pore volumes is in accordance with an increasing concentration of quartz, although increasing concentrations of chlorite and kaolinite may contribute to greater abundance of micropores in the seven cores. The in-core variations suggest that greater contents of kaolinite and illite may contribute to increasing mesopore volumes. Variations in pore volumes and pore size distribution with depth within individual cores (representing specific thermal maturity level) differ from what is observed laterally, when cores of various thermal maturity levels across Alberta are compared, indicating complex controls on porosity systems.