Smart Grids (SGs) are governed by advanced computing, control technologies, and networking infrastructure. However, compromised cybersecurity of the smart grid not only affects the security of existing energy systems but also directly impacts national security. The increasing number of cyberattacks against the smart grid urgently necessitates more robust security protection technologies to maintain the security of the grid system and its operations. The purpose of this review paper is to provide a thorough understanding of the incumbent cyberattacks’ influence on the entire smart grid ecosystem. In this paper, we review the various threats in the smart grid, which have two core domains: the intrinsic vulnerability of the system and the external cyberattacks. Similarly, we analyze the vulnerabilities of all components of the smart grid (hardware, software, and data communication), data management, services and applications, running environment, and evolving and complex smart grids. A structured smart grid architecture and global smart grid cyberattacks with their impact from 2010 to July 2022 are presented. Then, we investigated the the thematic taxonomy of cyberattacks on smart grids to highlight the attack strategies, consequences, and related studies analyzed. In addition, potential cybersecurity solutions to smart grids are explained in the context of the implementation of blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. Finally, technical future directions based on the analysis are provided against cyberattacks on SGs.

The appearance of fatigue is not conducive to driving activities because this state can affect driving performance and even cause life-threatening consequences. To reduce various traffic accidents caused by fatigue, researchers began to explore effective fatigue monitoring systems to detect this unfavorable state early. This paper systematically surveys the research on driving fatigue monitoring from three aspects: data acquisition, feature extraction, and fatigue assessment. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the differences between active and passive fatigue, fatigue and sleepiness, as well as fatigue and transportation scenarios. Finally, some open issues on driving fatigue monitoring are proposed, which will be the key research directions for future developments.

Physical space appeared with the birth of the earth. With the emergence of social space, thinking space, and cyberspace (STCs), things in physical space are continuously enriched. Consequently, the PhiNet, an abstracted network concept such as relationships between things, is becoming more complex. Physical space plays a fundamental role in promoting the connection and development with the other three spaces. We think that PhiNet of Things (PoT) is a unified description of pure physical space and the evolving physical space affected by STCs. While the Internet of Things (IoT) is described from a cyber view, in this paper, the definition of PoT is put forward from a natural view. Besides, the evolution of PoT is identified by the time sequence in which the four spaces appeared. At each stage, research is carried out from two perspectives of things and PhiNet, and two specific examples are presented to illustrate the change process of things and the related PhiNet. In addition, two applications are listed to explain the usability of PoT in the current development stage. Finally, the paper gives the possible future development direction of PoT. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the fundamental role of physical space in the continuous development through time sequence.