In the present report, we synthesized highly porous 1D nanobelt-like cobalt phosphate (Co₂P₂O₇) materials using a hydrothermal method for supercapacitor (SC) applications. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the synthesized 1D nanobelt-like Co₂P₂O₇ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface morphology results indicated that the deposition temperatures affected the growth of the 1D nanobelts. The SEM revealed a significant change in morphological results of Co₂P₂O₇ material prepared at 150 °C deposition temperature. The 1D Co₂P₂O₇ nanobelt-like nanostructures provided higher electrochemical properties, because the resulting empty space promotes faster ion transfer and improves cycling stability. Moreover, the electrochemical performance indicates that the 1D nanobelt-like Co₂P₂O₇ electrode deposited at 150 °C deposition temperature shows the maximum specific capacitance (Cs). The Co₂P₂O₇ electrode prepared at a deposition temperature 150 °C provided maximum Cs of 1766 F g⁻¹ at a lower scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹ in a 1 M KOH electrolyte. In addition, an asymmetric hybrid Co₂P₂O₇//AC supercapacitor device exhibited the highest Cs of 266 F g⁻¹, with an excellent energy density of 83.16 Wh kg⁻¹, and a power density of 9.35 kW kg⁻¹. Additionally, cycling stability results indicate that the 1D nanobelt-like Co₂P₂O₇ material is a better option for the electrochemical energy storage application.