Circulating nucleosome levels are commonly elevated in physiological and pathological conditions. Their potential as biomarkers for diagnosing and prognosticating sepsis remains uncertain due, in part, to technical limitations in existing detection methods. This scoping review explores the possible role of nucleosome concentrations in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of sepsis. A comprehensive literature search of the Cochrane and Medline libraries from 1996 to 1 February 2024 identified 110 potentially eligible studies, of which 19 met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of 39 SIRS patients, 893 sepsis patients, 280 septic shock patients, 117 other ICU control patients, and 345 healthy volunteers. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] was the primary method of nucleosome measurement. Studies consistently reported significant correlations between nucleosome levels and other NET biomarkers. Nucleosome levels were higher in patients with sepsis than in healthy volunteers and associated with disease severity, as indicated by SOFA and APACHE II scores. Non-survivors had higher nucleosome levels than survivors. Circulating nucleosome levels, therefore, show promise as early markers of NETosis in sepsis, with moderate diagnostic accuracy and strong correlations with disease severity and prognosis. However, the available evidence is drawn mainly from single-center, observational studies with small sample sizes and varied detection methods, warranting further investigation.

Acute brain injury (ABI) remains one of the leading causes of death and disability world-wide. Its treatment is challenging due to the heterogeneity of the mechanisms involved and the variability among individuals. This systematic review aims at evaluating the impact of anti-histone treatments on outcomes in ABI patients and experimental animals and defining the trend of nucleosome levels in biological samples post injury. We performed a search in Pubmed/Medline and Embase databases for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies involving humans or experimental settings with various causes of ABI. We formulated the search using the PICO method, considering ABI patients or animal models as population (P), comparing pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy targeting the nucleosome as Intervention (I) to standard of care or no treatment as Control (C). The outcome (O) was mortality or functional outcome in experimental animals and patients affected by ABI undergoing anti-NET treatments. We identified 28 studies from 1246 articles, of which 7 were experimental studies and 21 were human clinical studies. Among these studies, only four assessed the effect of anti-NET therapy on circulating markers. Three of them were preclinical and reported better outcome in the interventional arm compared to the control arm. All the studies observed a significant reduction in circulating NET-derived products. NETosis could be a target for new treatments. Monitoring NET markers in blood and cerebrospinal fluid might predict mortality and long-term outcomes. However, longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials are warranted to fully evaluate their potential, as current evidence is limited.

The widespread use of the lung ultrasound (LUS) has not been followed by the development of a comprehensive standardized tool for its reporting in the intensive care unit (ICU) which could be useful to promote consistency and reproducibility during clinical examination. This work aims to define the essential features to be included in a standardized reporting tool and provides a structured model form to fully express the diagnostic potential of LUS and facilitate intensivists in the use of a LUS in everyday clinical ICU examination. We conducted a modified Delphi process to build consensus on the items to be integrated in a standardized report form and on its structure. A committee of 19 critical care physicians from 19 participating ICUs in Italy was formed, including intensivists experienced in ultrasound from both teaching hospitals and referral hospitals, and internationally renowned experts on the LUS. The consensus for 31 statements out of 33 was reached at the third Delphi round. A structured model form was developed based on the approved statements. The development of a standardized model as a backbone to report a LUS may facilitate the guidelines’ application in clinical practice and increase inter-operator agreement. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of standardized reports in critically ill patients.

Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a validated technique for the prompt diagnosis and bedside monitoring of critically ill patients due to its availability, safety profile, and cost-effectiveness. The aim of this work is to detect similarities and differences among LUS reports performed in ICUs and to provide a common ground for an integrated report form. We collected all LUS reports during an index week in 21 ICUs from the GiViTI network. First, we considered signs, chest areas, and terminology reported. Then, we compared different report structures and categorized them as structured reports (SRs), provided with a predefined model form, and free unstructured text reports (FTRs) that had no predetermined structure. We analyzed 171 reports from 21 ICUs, and 59 reports from 5 ICUs were structured. All the reports presented a qualitative description that mainly focused on the presence of B-lines, consolidations, and pleural effusion. Zones were defined in 66 reports (39%). In SRs, a complete examination of all the regions was more frequently achieved (96% vs. 74%), and a higher impact on therapeutic strategies was observed (17% vs. 6%). LUS reports vary significantly among different centers. Adopting an integrated SR seems to promote a systematic approach in scanning and reporting, with a potential impact on LUS clinical applications.