Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma with limited therapeutic options and a poor prognosis. Although neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and radiation exposure have been identified as risk factors for MPNST, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying MPNST pathogenesis have only lately been roughly elucidated. Plexiform neurofibroma (PN) and atypical neurofibromatous neoplasm of unknown biological potential (ANNUBP) are novel concepts of MPNST precancerous lesions, which revealed sequential mutations in MPNST development. This review summarized the current understanding of MPNST and the latest consensus from its diagnosis to treatment, with highlights on molecular biomarkers and targeted therapies. Additionally, we discussed the current challenges and prospects for MPNST management.

Cancer represents a major cause of death worldwide and is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells that escape immune regulation. It is now understood that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which express specific fibroblast activation protein (FAP), are critical participants in tumor development and metastasis. Researchers have developed various FAP-targeted probes for imaging of different tumors from antibodies to boronic acid-based inhibitor molecules and determined that quinoline-based FAP inhibitors (FAPIs) are the most appropriate candidate as the radiopharmaceutical for FAPI PET/CT imaging. When applied clinically, FAPI PET/CT yielded satisfactory results. Over the past few years, the utility and effectiveness of tumor detection and staging of FAPI PET/CT have been compared with FDG PET/CT in various aspects, including standardized uptake values (SUVs), rate of absorbance and clearance. This review summarizes the development and clinical application of FAPI PET/CT, emphasizing the diagnosis and management of various tumor types and the future prospects of FAPI imaging.

Background: Supernumerary Nostril, also called triple nostrils or accessory nostril, is a rare congenital nasal malformation. Case presentation: We report one conceal case of supernumerary nostril in a 19-years-old men which is misdiagnosed to a simple small nasal skin pit. Ordinary surgical excision led to recurrent infection of the lesion postoperatively, and was eventually required secondary surgery and the lesion was finally confirmed by pathological biopsy as a trinasal nostrils. Conclusions: Through this case, we stress the essential role in differential diagnosis, confirming the diagnosis and seeking for better solutions. Level of Evidence V

Retained surgical items, such as cotton balls (gossypibomas), are rare yet preventable complications that may cause chronic infection and diagnostic difficulty. We report the case of a 65-year-old man with a non-healing right calf wound and sinus tract persisting for 1 year following orthopedic surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an abscess characterized by T1-weighted hypointensity and T2-weighted spiral-like low-signal fringes, prompting surgical exploration. A retained cotton ball was identified and excised, followed by debridement and local rotational flap closure. The patient achieved complete recovery without recurrence. A review of 26 published lower-limb cases indicates that most gossypibomas occur after fracture fixation, often presenting with long latency, nonspecific symptoms, and variable MRI appearances. Preventive strategies include rigorous counting, enhanced team communication, and emerging tracking technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) and barcode systems. This case emphasizes early recognition of atypical chronic wounds and supports incorporating automated tracking into surgical workflows to prevent retained foreign bodies and improve patient safety.