The massive use of pesticides has brought great risks to food and environmental safety. It is necessary to develop reliable analytical methods and evaluate risks through monitoring studies. Here, a method was used for the simultaneous determination of flupyradifurone (FPF) and its two metabolites in fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, ginseng plants, and soil. The method exhibited good accuracy (recoveries of 72.8–97.5%) and precision (relative standard deviations of 1.1–8.5%). The field experiments demonstrated that FPF had half-lives of 4.5–7.9 d and 10.0–16.9 d in ginseng plants and soil, respectively. The concentrations of total terminal residues in soil, ginseng plants, dried ginseng, and ginseng were less than 0.516, 2.623, 2.363, and 0.641 mg/kg, respectively. Based on these results, the soil environmental risk assessment shows that the environmental risk of FPF to soil organisms is acceptable. The processing factors for FPF residues in ginseng were 3.82–4.59, indicating that the concentration of residues increased in ginseng after drying. A dietary risk assessment showed that the risk of FPF residues from long-term and short-term dietary exposures to global consumers were 0.1–0.4% and 12.07–13.16%, respectively, indicating that the application of FPF to ginseng at the recommended dose does not pose a significant risk to consumers.

Propaquizafop is a fatty acid synthetic herbicide used to control annual and perennial grasses. To understand the potential environmental risks of propaquizafop to crops and food safety, the adsorption, mobility, and degradation of propaquizafop in five different soils were studied. At an initial concentration of 5 mg L⁻¹ propaquizafop, its adsorption equilibrium was reached within 24 h, and the adsorption rates were between 46.98 and 57.76%. The Elovich kinetic model provided the best fit for the kinetic model, with R² values between 0.9882 and 0.9940. For the isothermal adsorption tests, the Freundlich model was used to better fit the adsorption characteristics of propaquizafop in different soils, with R² values between 0.9748 and 0.9885. Increasing the concentration of Ca²⁺ was beneficial for propaquizafop adsorption. In the soil thin-layer chromatography tests, the R_f of propaquizafop in the five soil samples ranged from 0.076 to 0.123. The results of the soil column leaching tests showed that propaquizafop did not migrate in the five soil columns; it was not detected in the leachate of each soil column, and propaquizafop in the soil columns only existed in the 0–5 cm soil layer. The results of soil thin-layer chromatography and soil column leaching tests showed that propaquizafop is a pesticide with a weak migration ability. Under the same environmental conditions, the degradation rate of propaquizafop in different soils followed the order LF fluvo–aquic soil (T_1/2 = 1.41 d) > CS red loam (T_1/2 = 2.76 d) > SX paddy soil (T_1/2 = 3.52 d) > CC black soil (T_1/2 = 5.74 d) > BS ginseng soil (T_1/2 = 7.75 d). Considering the effects of soil moisture, incubation temperature, and microorganisms on propaquizafop degradation in the soil, temperature was found to have the greatest influence on its degradation rate.

Ginseng is a perennial herb with a long growth cycle and is known to easily accumulate pesticides during its growth process, seriously threatening people's health. Therefore, to ensure safe consumption, it is necessary to detect and monitor pesticide residues in ginseng. In this study, a novel analysis method was established for simultaneous determination of 31 pesticides in ginseng by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Ginseng samples were extracted using acetonitrile, cleaned up by primary secondary amine (PSA) solid‐phase extraction column eluted with acetonitrile‐toluene, and then detected in multiple reaction mode (MRM). The calibration curves of target compounds were linear in the range of 0.005–1.0 mg/L, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9921. The limits of detection of all the pesticides in ginseng were between 4.4×10⁻⁵ and 1.6 × 10⁻² mg/kg. For fresh ginseng, the average recoveries ranged from 72.1 to 111.6%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.3–12.2%. For dry ginseng, the average recoveries were 74.3–108.3%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.9–14.9%. The residual concentrations of some pesticides in real samples were greater than the maximum residue limit (MRL) for European Union (EU). The method established here is rapid and simple with high sensitivity and good reproducibility, which is sensitive in the residue analysis of many pesticides in ginseng.

This study established a residue detection method based on the QuEChERS pre-treatment method and combined it with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to test six herbicides (metamitron, clopyralid, desmedipham, phenmedipham, ethofumesate, and haloxyfop-p-methyl) in sugar beet plants, soil, and roots. The degradation dynamics and terminal residues of each herbicide in sugar beets were analysed. Finally, the dietary risks of various herbicides in sugar beets were evaluated based on the dietary structure of Chinese people, and the risk quotient values were below 100%. Using this detection method, all reagents exhibited good linearity (0.9724 ≤ R² ≤ 0.9998), The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/L, the matrix effect ranged from -1.2% to -50%, the addition recovery rate ranged from 77.00% to 103.48%, and the relative standard deviation ranged from 1.61% to 16.17%; therefore, all indicators of this method met the residue detection standards. Under field conditions, the half-lives (t_1/2) ranged about 0.65 ∼ 2.96 d and 0.38 ∼ 27.59 d in sugar beet plants and soil, respectively. All herbicides were easily degraded in sugar beet plants and soil (t_1/2 < 30 d). The terminal residue amounts in the beet plants, soil, and roots ranged from < LOQ to 0.243 mg/kg. The dietary risk assessment of each pesticide was conducted based on the residual median of the terminal residues and the highest residual values on the edible part of the beetroot. The chronic exposure risk quotient (RQc) and acute exposure risk quotient (RQa) values were < 100%, indicating that the residue of each pesticide in beetroot posed low risks to consumers in China at the recommended dosage.

Tomatoes have been widely planted in greenhouses and fields in China. Soil-borne diseases are more harmful to tomatoes than other types of diseases. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) was used as a novel fumigant instead of methyl bromide to control soil-borne diseases. To assess the safety of DMDS for use on tomatoes, its dissipation and terminal residues were investigated at three different locations under greenhouse and open field conditions. The QuEChERS method was simplified using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection and combined with liquid-liquid extraction purification to allow determination of DMDS levels in both the tomatoes and the soil. The average recovery of the method was between 85.3 and 98.6%, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from to 1.9–10.3%. The dissipation and terminal residues of DMDS in the tomatoes and the soil were analyzed using the method, the results of which showed that the half-life of DMDS ranged from 0.3–6.5 d in the soil at three different locations. The terminal residues of DMDS in the tomatoes and the soil were not detected. This study provided data that the Chinese government can use to support appropriate and safe guidance for the use of DMDS on agriculture.