Background: To determine the global burden of psoriasis in young adults, i.e., those aged 15–49, from 1990 to 2019 and predict trends in this burden for 2020 to 2030Methods: Age-standardized disease burden indicators and their estimated annual percentage changes were assessed and used to compare the estimated burden between regions. In addition, generalized additive models were used to predict the burden in this population from 2020 to 2030.Results: From 1990 to 2019, the overall burden of psoriasis in young adults worldwide trended downward, as the age-standardized incidence rate and the age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate decreased. From 1990 to 2019, there were gender differences in the burden of psoriasis between regions with different Socio-demographic index. Specifically, there was a smaller increase in the burden in young men than in young women in middle- and low–middle-Socio-demographic index areas. In 2019, Western Europe, Australasia, and Southern Latin America had the highest age-standardized incidence rate of psoriasis in young adults, whereas age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rates of psoriasis in young adults were highest in high-income North America. In 2019, the psoriasis burden in young adults was the highest in high-Socio-demographic index areas and the lowest in low-Socio-demographic index regions. We predict that from 2020 to 2030, the incidence rate and disability-adjusted life year rate of psoriasis in all age groups of young adults will continue to decline, but the burden in those aged 30–39 will increase.Conclusion: From 1990 to 2019, the overall burden of psoriasis in each age group trended downward in this period. We predict that from 2020 to 2030, the burden of psoriasis in those aged 30–39 will increase.

Background: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), as an important group of innate immunity, could respond rapidly to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. In this research, we studied the phenotypic changes of circulatory ILCs in active tuberculosis (TB) disease. Methods: We recruited 40 patients with active Mtb infection (TB group) and 41 healthy subjects (NC group), and collected their clinical information and peripheral blood. Circulating ILCs, ILC subsets, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and the production of cytokines in ILCs were tested by flow cytometry (FCM). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect plasma IL-23. Results: Compared with healthy control, total ILCs (0.73% vs. 0.42%, P = 0.0019), ILC1 (0.55% vs. 0.31%, P = 0.0024) and CD117⁺ ILC2 (0.02% vs. 0.01%, P = 0.0267) were upregulated in TB group. The total IL-17⁺ lymphocytes were elevated (3.83% vs. 1.76%, P = 0.0006) while the IL-22⁺ lymphocytes remained unchanged. Within ILC subsets, ILC3, CD117⁺ ILC2 and ILC1 in TB group all expressed increased IL-17 (15.15% vs. 4.55%, 19.01% vs. 4.57%, 8.79% vs. 3.87%, P < 0.0001) but similar IL-22 comparing with healthy control. TB group had more plasma IL-23 than NC group (7.551 vs. 5.564 pg/mL, P = 0.0557). Plasma IL-23 in TB group was positively correlated to IL-17⁺ ILC3 (r = 0.4435, P = 0.0141), IL-17⁺CD117⁺ ILC2 (r = 0.5385, P = 0.0021) and IL-17⁺ ILC1(r = 0.3719, P = 0.0430). TB group also had elevated DCs (9.35% vs. 6.49%, P < 0.0001) while macrophages remained unchanged. Within TB group, higher proportion of IL-17⁺ ILCs was related to severer inflammatory status and poorer clinical condition. Conclusions: In active TB disease, circulatory ILCs were upregulated and exhibited IL-17-expressing phenotype. This may expand the understanding of immune reaction to Mtb infection.

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a synthetic persistent organic compound that is widely used in industrial products. Studies have shown that PFOS can accumulate in environment and pose a threat to human health. As the kidney is the main excretory organ for PFOS, it is important to study PFOS damage to the kidney to investigate its toxicity. Human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were treated with 200 μM PFOS or 1 μM Fer-1. Cell viability, the levels of MDA, GSH, intracellular iron ion, and GPX-4 were determined. The expression of KIM-1 and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) related proteins were determined. The expression levels of KIM-1, a marker of renal tubular injury, and ERS-related proteins, GRP78, ATF6, IRE1, and PERK, were significantly increased in HK-2 cells exposed to PFOS. The levels of MDA and intracellular total iron ion also were significantly increased in HK-2 cells exposed to PFOS and the levels of GSH and GPX-4 were significantly decreased. PFOS can damage HK-2 cells through ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which provides a theoretical foundation for exploring the toxicity of PFOS to the kidney.

Renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC) is a malignant tumor of the genitourinary system with a predilection for males. The most common metastatic sites are the lung, liver, lymph nodes, contralateral kidney or adrenal gland, however, skin metastasis has only been seen in 1.0%-3.3% of cases. The most common site of skin metastasis is the scalp, and metastasis to the nasal ala region is rare. A 55-year-old man with clear cell carcinoma of the left kidney was treated with pembrolizumab and axitinib for half a year after surgery and was found to have a red mass on his right nasal ala for 3 mo. The skin lesion of the patient grew rapidly to the size of 2.0 cm × 2.0 cm × 1.2 cm after discontinuation of targeted drug therapy due to the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic. The patient was finally diagnosed with skin metastasis of RCC in our hospital. The patient refused to undergo surgical resection and the tumor shrank rapidly after resuming target therapy for 2 wk. It is rare for an RCC to metastasize to the skin of the nasal ala region. The tumor size change of this patient before and after treatment with targeted drugs shows the effectiveness of combination therapy for skin metastasis.

Lichen planus (LP) with distribution of lesions along Blaschko’s lines is a rare entity, accounting for 0.24%-0.62% of all patients. Unilateral distribution of lesions in arm, leg, trunk, and waist is even less common. Approximately 10% of patients with LP manifest nail lesions. A 20-year-old woman presented to our department with polygonal, purpuric, flat-topped papules over the right arm, right leg, and right side of trunk and waist for the last 5 mo. The patient initially developed nail deformation in the left middle finger with no obvious cause, followed by development of blue-purple and red maculopapular rash with pruritus. During the disease course, the skin lesions aggravated and spread to several segments due to scratching. The lesions showed unilateral distribution along the Blaschko’s lines. The diagnosis of LP along Blaschko’s lines was established based on dermoscopy and skin biopsy. Her cutaneous lesions considerably improved after 4-wk treatment with intramuscular glucocorticoid, oral acitretin, topical glucocorticoid, and retinoids. Cases of LP involving multiple segments of the body along the Blaschko’s lines with nail damage are rare.