Anthocyanins (ACNs) have attracted considerable attention for their potential to modulate the immune system. Research has revealed their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which play a crucial role in immune regulation by influencing key immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Moreover, ACNs contribute towards maintaining a balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus promoting immune health. Beyond their direct effects on immune cells, ACNs significantly impact gut health and the microbiota, essential factors in immune regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that they positively influence the composition of the gut microbiome, enhancing their immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, these compounds synergize with other bioactive substances, such as vitamins and minerals, further enhancing their potential as immune-supporting dietary supplements. However, detailed clinical studies must fully validate these findings and determine safe dosages across varied populations. Incorporating these natural compounds into functional foods or supplements could revolutionize the management of immune-related conditions. Personalized nutrition and healthcare strategies may be developed to enhance overall well-being and immune resilience by fully understanding the mechanisms underlying the actions of their components. Recent advancements in delivery methods have focused on improving the bioavailability and effectiveness of ACNs, providing promising avenues for future applications.

Anthocyanins (ACNs) have attracted considerable attention for their potential to modulate the immune system. Research has revealed their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which play a crucial role in immune regulation by influencing key immune cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Moreover, ACNs contribute to maintaining a balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus promoting immune health. Beyond their direct effects on immune cells, ACNs significantly impact gut health and the microbiota, essential factors in immune regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that they positively influence the composition of the gut microbiome that enhance the immunomodulatory effects of ACNs. Furthermore, these compounds synergize with other bioactive substances, such as vitamins and minerals, further enhancing their potential as immune-supporting dietary supplements. However, detailed clinical studies must fully validate these findings and determine safe dosages for different populations. Incorporating these natural compounds into functional foods or supplements can revolutionize the management of immune-related conditions. Personalized nutrition and healthcare strategies can be developed to enhance overall well-being and immune resilience by fully understanding the mechanisms underlying their actions. Recent advancements in delivery methods have focused on improving the bioavailability and effectiveness of ACNs, providing promising avenues for future applications.

Background: Social media platforms facilitate global discourse on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of longitudinal analyses of digitally mediated discussions. Objective: To investigate the evolution of global English-language-dominated discourse on #AIinHealthcare over a three-year period on X (formerly Twitter). Methods: Using Fedica analytics, we analysed 57,880 tweets by 17,991 distinct users across 141 countries from 1 November 2022 to 1 November 2025. This analysis focused on English-language-dominant discourse around #AIinHealthcare (96.9% English), acknowledging hashtag-specific selection bias and linguistic limitations. This study used publicly available anonymised data and followed the ethical guidelines for social media research. Results: The #AIinHealthcare garnered 39.2 million impressions, with significant contributions from high-income countries, notably the United States (40.7%) and Canada (21.0%), as well as India (13.4%; a rapidly expanding economy), collectively accounting for 75.1% of tweets and reflecting hashtag-specific, geographically concentrated engagement. This peaked in mid-2023 and stabilized lower by mid-2025. English was the predominant language of the discourse (96.9%). The community consisted of 74.9% grassroots users with fewer than 1,000 followers, suggesting genuine participation beyond elite influencers. Total engagement reached 72,625 interactions, primarily passive, comprising 68.1% likes, 19.4% retweets, 10.3% replies, and 2.1% quote tweets. Hashtag co-occurrence patterns, supported by qualitative inspection of exemplar tweets, indicated majorly five distinct clusters: foundational technical topics (#GenerativeAI, #ChatGPT, #LLMs) peaked after November 2022; clinical application themes emerged across disease-specific specialties (#Oncology, #Cardiology, #MentalHealth); healthcare implementation themes addressed practical integration (#DigitalHealth, #Telemedicine, #EHR); governance and ethics themes gained prominence (#ResponsibleAI, #AIEthics, #ExplainableAI, #DataPrivacy); and professional integration themes fostered learning communities (#MedTwitter, #MedicalEducation). Sentiment was predominantly neutral (95%), with positive (3%) and negative (2%). Monthly tweets peaked in mid-2023 at 1,600–1,800 before declining to 750–900 per month by June 2025. High-engagement content linked AI to practical applications, governmental initiatives, and clinical breakthroughs. Conclusion: English-language-dominated discourse around #AIinHealthcare reveals hashtag-specific maturation from technical enthusiasm to governance and implementation focus. However, platform access restrictions in countries such as China and Russia may skew geographic representation. Disparities in sustainability discourse remain prevalent.

Human gut microbiomes respond to lifestyle transitions, yet the extent to which these responses are conserved across spatio-cultural contexts remains undercharacterized. We present the South Asian MicroBiome ARray (SAMBAR), a population-scale 16S gut microbiome study of 575 adults from ten geographically and socio-culturally diverse South Asian communities. Each community was sampled in ancestral villages and urban centers, enabling controlled comparisons of geography and lifestyle. Relative to global cohorts, SAMBAR microbiomes occupy a distinct compositional space with stronger correlation to geography and community membership than lifestyle. Although urbanization is consistently associated with increased abundance of disease-linked taxa, microbiome responses to lifestyle transitions are largely community-driven, including the acquisition of wheat– and dairying-associated microbial modules in some communities that may facilitate non-genetic adaptation to lactase non-persistence. Microbiome responses to urbanization are heterogeneous even at regional scales, reflecting local culture and geography and underscoring the need for community-specific investigations of health impacts.

Human gut microbiomes respond to lifestyle transitions, yet the extent to which these responses are conserved across spatio-cultural contexts remains undercharacterized. We present the South Asian MicroBiome ARray (SAMBAR), a population-scale 16S gut microbiome study of 575 adults from ten geographically and socio-culturally diverse South Asian communities. Each community was sampled in ancestral villages and urban centers, enabling controlled comparisons of geography and lifestyle. Relative to global cohorts, SAMBAR microbiomes occupy a distinct compositional space with stronger correlation to geography and community membership than lifestyle. Microbiome responses to lifestyle transitions are largely community-driven, including the acquisition of wheat- and dairying-associated microbial modules in some communities that may facilitate non-genetic adaptation to lactase nonpersistence. Concurrently, we identify significant associations of urbanization markers with increased abundance of disease-linked taxa, especially Megamonas-correlated with increased blood glucose and lower gut microbiome diversity-which is enriched in SAMBAR over comparative global regions. Overall, microbiome responses to urbanization are heterogeneous even at regional scales, reflecting local culture and geography, and underscoring the need for community-specific investigations of health impacts.