The aim of the present study is to investigate the phytochemical composition of tiger nut (TN) (Cyperus esculentus L.) and its neuroprotective potential in scopolamine (Scop)-induced cognitive impairment in rats. The UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis enabled the putative annotation of 88 metabolites, such as saccharides, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Treatment with TN extract restored Scop-induced learning and memory impairments. In parallel, TN extract succeeded in lowering amyloid beta, β-secretase protein expression and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampus of rats. TN extract decreased malondialdehyde levels, restored antioxidant levels and reduced proinflammatory cytokines as well as the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Histopathological analysis demonstrated marked neuroprotection in TN-treated groups. In conclusion, the present study reveals that TN extract attenuates Scop-induced memory impairments by diminishing amyloid beta aggregates, as well as its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-AChE activities.

Background: Several researches describe Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as Type-III diabetes mellitus due to shared pathophysiological mechanisms between AD and DM and the fact that one disease can increase the incidence of the other. Therefore, keeping glucose level under control protects the brain from its harmful effects and delays the incidence of AD in susceptible individuals by using anti-diabetic agents. Several anti-diabetic classes were explored for their protective effect against AD, among them that attracted more attention was sodium–glucose cotransporter inhibitor dapagliflozin (DAPA). Main body of the This review aims at illustrating various protective mechanisms that DAPA proved to exert on cognition and memory. DAPA showed promising results by its influence on behavioral parameters highlighted enhancement of both spatial and non-spatial learning and memory, in addition to ameliorating associated anxiety by its effect on various neurotransmitters. DAPA succeeded in promoting neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic density, and managed to demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties. Moreover, DAPA enhanced the activity of mitochondria and promoted autophagy, in addition to its impact on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Short conclusion: DAPA showed promising results in different AD models to enhance memory and improve cognitive deficits. Graphical

Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately affects postmenopausal women, most likely due to hormonal changes that cause early neuropathological alterations. The ovariectomized/ d -galactose (OVX/ d -gal) model provides a dependable platform to replicate postmenopausal AD pathophysiology in preclinical studies. Menopause-related estrogen loss is becoming more widely acknowledged as a key window for AD development. Despite the growing interest in potential treatments, it is currently unknown how effective herbal remedies and repurposed medications are in this model. This systematic review assessed preclinical data on cognitive outcomes following the administration of these medications in OVX/ d -gal-induced AD. Following the PRISMA guidelines, the research team conducted a systematic search of four databases and extracted the relevant OVX/ d -gal AD studies according to specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessed the risk of bias using SYRCLE, and rated the certainty of evidence using GRADE. Seventeen pertinent studies were found after searching Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Although both herbal extracts and repurposed medications showed encouraging results in enhancing cognitive function, the overall certainty of the evidence was extremely low, mostly because of small trial numbers, unclear risk of bias, and little reporting on the quality of the methods used. The most promising repurposed medications were escitalopram, telmisartan, dimethyl fumarate, and dapagliflozin, and natural compounds such as ginsenoside Rg1 and resveratrol showed persistent effects and solid mechanistic evidence. While preliminary findings are encouraging, methodological heterogeneity and reporting limitations highlight the urgent need for more robust, well-designed preclinical studies before clinical translation can be considered.