Red wine contains polyphenols which are extracted during the winemaking process. However, winemaking is not an extraction; therefore, the resulting byproducts still have a substantial polyphenol content. The aim of this study was to compare two methods for the extraction of phenolic compounds: maceration and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). Grape pomace (Vitis vinifera var. Cabernet Sauvignon) from a winery in Querétaro, Mexico was used. The optimal conditions for both methods were identified. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were the response variables. A central composite design was used (Minitab 17) for the extraction by maceration. The maceration time (1, 4, 12, 20, and 24 h) and the ratio of ethanol (50 to 80%) acidified with 1% HCl were the two factors studied. For the MSPD extraction, sea sand was used as a dispersant, and a 2² factorial design was employed for the evaluation, with the elution volume and the ratio of sample/dispersant being the two factors analyzed. The optimal extraction method was MSPD with 96 mL (acidified ethanol) as the elution volume and a 1:2 ratio of sample/dispersant. Using these conditions, 14.01 ± 0.19 mMol TEAC/100 g db (Trolox equivalent of antioxidant capacity) of grape pomace was obtained, whereas the total phenolic content was 2836.73 ± 41.90 mg GAE/100 g db. These values are greater than those obtained by maceration. These conditions are close to those predicted by the model (analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a level of significance of 5% (p < 0.05) and a Tukey comparison test for determining significant differences in the comparison of results).

The content of minerals and bioactive compounds in wine depends on various factors, among which are the origin of the grapes, their phenolic composition, and the winemaking process. This study monitored the physicochemical parameters, phenolic compound contents, and antioxidant capacity of the red grape Vitis vinifera L. “Cabernet Sauvignon” harvested in three Mexican vineyards during the first nine days of the fermentation process. The bioactive compounds and elemental composition (determined by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES) were correlated. The fermentation process decreased from 22 to 5 °Bx in all cases, while the acidity increased from 6.5 to 8 g of tartaric acid/L, decreasing the pH. The phenolic compounds extracted during the winemaking ranged from 1400 to 1600 gallic acid equivalent/L, while the antioxidant capacity was 9 mmol Trolox equivalent. The bioactive compounds identified by HPLC were resveratrol, piceid, catechin, and epicatechin. The presence of Na, Mg, and Fe was correlated with antioxidant capacity, while higher Mn, Pb, Zn, and Cu contents were related to the presence of resveratrol, piceid, and catechin in Cabernet Sauvignon wine. Thus, certain minerals present in the soil that were transferred to the V. vinifera grapes can influence the amount and type of bioactive compounds present in the wine. The phenolic content and, therefore, the organoleptic characteristics of the wine are related to the mineral composition of the vine-growing soil (origin).

This study evaluated the potential of Nanche seeds as a bio-adsorbent for removing TA from aqueous solutions. Additionally, we inferred the interaction mechanisms involved in the adsorption process from physicochemical evidence, isotherm modelling, and ADI analysis. The Langmuir model best fit the experimental data (R² = 0.999) across temperatures (20–60 °C). Thermodynamically, the process was endothermic and spontaneous, (∆H° = 10.11 ± 0.45 kJ/mol and ∆G° = −28.58 ± 1.03 kJ/mol), indicating that the interaction mechanisms were physical. The value of ∆S° (0.116 ± 0.003 kJ/mol·K), the Freundlich constant (n > 1), and data derived from ADI analysis of SEM micrographs that support the increased complexity and multifractal nature of the process. FTIR revealed surface changes in the adsorbent material attributable to the interactions between the seed and the TA. Extent of vibrations associated with carboxyl groups decreased after adsorption, which was attributed to low-energy interactions, such as π-π stacking, supporting physisorption interaction. The ki values increased linearly with temperature and TA concentration. This study used ideal adsorption systems to elucidate fundamental mechanisms, providing a foundation for future, more complex research. Nance seeds proved to be effective yet underutilized adsorbent material. Further studies are needed on its applicability in continuous processes and multicomponent matrices systems.