A common health problem known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), is characterized by irregular periods, an excess of androgen production, and polycystic ovaries. It is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, affecting 4–20% of women worldwide. Numerous studies have found a connection between the onset and symptoms of PCOS and Vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D insufficiency causes calcium dysregulation and follicular arrest in women with PCOS, which is connected to menstrual irregularities and fertility issues. Studies have connected PCOS metabolic alterations to VDR polymorphisms such as iApa-I, Taq-I, Cdx2, and Fok-I. Insulin resistance is directly related to Vitamin D, is one of the most distinctive characteristics of the PCOS phenotype. Thus, it is suggested that Vitamin D therapy may help PCOS patients with their insulin sensitivity. In addition to insulin resistance, cardiovascular issues are a second metabolic disturbance that PCOS patients with low Vitamin D levels experience. Dyslipidemia is not linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in PCOS-affected women. Vitamin D dramatically improves glucose metabolism by increasing insulin production, insulin receptor expression and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. The effect of Vitamin D on the metabolic and reproductive dysfunctions associated with PCOS may be mediated by an overall impact on insulin resistance. Vitamin D supplementation improved menstrual periods, increased folliculogenesis, and decreased blood testosterone levels in PCOS patients, all of which had a significant impact on the ability to procreate. As a result, it might be a cutting-edge therapeutic strategy for treating PCOS concurrently.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestines. The underlying inflammation activates the coagulation cascade leading to an increased risk of developing arterial and venous thromboembolic events such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Patients with IBD are at a 2–3-fold increased risk of developing thromboembolism. This risk increases in patients with active IBD disease, flare-ups, surgery, steroid treatment, and hospitalization. These complications are associated with significant morbidity and mortality making them important in clinical practice. Clinicians should consider the increased risk of thromboembolic events in patients with IBD and manage them with appropriate prophylaxis based on the risk. In this review, we discuss the literature associated with the pathophysiology of thromboembolism in patients with IBD, summarize the studies describing the various thromboembolic events, and the management of thromboembolism in patients with IBD.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that play a critical role in regulating gene expression by binding to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). They were first discovered around 8 years after the identification of the first miRNA in 1993, and since then, there has been a significant increase in miRNA-related research and discoveries. MiRNAs have been implicated in various biological processes, including cancer, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC). In CRC, miRNAs act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors, influencing essential cellular functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The dysregulation of miRNAs in CRC can arise from different factors, leading to abnormal expression levels of their target mRNAs and subsequently affecting protein production. Consequently, miRNAs may directly target oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, thereby contributing to cancer initiation and progression. Notably, tumors often exhibit reduced expression of mature miRNAs. In CRC research, miRNAs offer potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Specific miRNA profiles could serve as non-invasive tools for early CRC detection and risk assessment. Additionally, miRNA-based therapies present a promising approach for targeted cancer treatment by modulating miRNA expression. However, challenges related to delivery systems and long-term safety must be addressed to fully harness their therapeutic potential.

Endometrial cancer is one of the most prevalent tumours in females and holds an 83% survival rate within 5 years of diagnosis. Hypoestrogenism is a major risk factor for the development of endometrial carcinoma (EC) therefore two major types are derived, type 1 being oestrogen-dependent and type 2 being oestrogen independent. Surgery, chemotherapeutic drugs, and radiation therapy are only a few of the treatment options for EC. Treatment of gynaecologic malignancies greatly depends on diagnosis or prognostic prediction. Diagnostic imaging data and clinical course prediction are the two core pillars of artificial intelligence (AI) applications. One of the most popular imaging techniques for spotting preoperative endometrial cancer is MRI, although this technique can only produce qualitative data. When used to classify patients, AI improves the effectiveness of visual feature extraction. In general, AI has the potential to enhance the precision and effectiveness of endometrial cancer diagnosis and therapy. This review aims to highlight the current status of applications of AI in endometrial cancer and provide a comprehensive understanding of how recent advancements in AI have assisted clinicians in making better diagnosis and improving prognosis of endometrial cancer. Still, additional study is required to comprehend its strengths and limits fully.

Celiac disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disorder occurring in genetically predisposed individuals secondary to gluten ingestion. CD usually presents with gastrointestinal symptoms such as pain, bloating, flatulence, and constipation or diarrhea. However, individuals can present in a nonclassical manner with only extraintestinal symptoms. The neurological manifestations of CD include ataxia, cognitive impairment, epilepsy, headache, and neuropathy. A lifelong gluten-free diet is the current recommended treatment for CD. This review discusses the relevant neurological manifestations associated with CD and the novel therapeutics. Further research is required to get a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the neurological manifestations associated with CD. Clinicians should keep CD in the differential diagnosis in individuals presenting with neurological dysfunction of unknown cause.

Rhabdomyolysis, by definition, means the breakdown of muscles. The common causes are trauma, immobility, illicit drug use, medications, toxins, infections, potassium imbalance, hypothyroid or hyperthyroid states, hypothermia or hyperthermia, and some congenital muscular dystrophy. Exercise or exertion-induced rhabdomyolysis is a very uncommon entity and potentially rising among young generations amid getting perfect body shape as influenced by social platforms. However, rhabdomyolysis can lead to lethal complications, most commonly acute kidney injury leading to dialysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and acute compartment syndrome. Here we report a case of exertion-induced rhabdomyolysis causing acute renal failure in a young patient who presented to the emergency room at The Kidney Center, Karachi, after exercising at the gym. The patient was subsequently treated with hemodialysis and was discharged after six days of hospital admission.