The sirtuins form a family of evolutionarily conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylases. Seven sirtuins (SIRT1–SIRT7) have been described in mammals, with specific intracellular localization and biological functions associated with mitochondrial energy homeostasis, antioxidant activity, proliferation and DNA repair. Physical exercise affects the expression of sirtuin in skeletal muscle, regulating changes in mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolism and the cellular antioxidant system. In this context, sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3 have been the most studied. This review focuses on the effects of different types of exercise on these sirtuins, the molecular pathways involved and the biological effect that is caused mainly in healthy subjects. The reported findings suggest that an acute load of exercise activates SIRT1, which in turn activates biogenesis and mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Additionally, several sessions of exercise (training) activates SIRT1 and also SIRT3 that, together with the biogenesis and mitochondrial oxidative function, jointly activate ATP production and the mitochondrial antioxidant function.

Although several indices used in clinical practice identify cardiometabolic risk (CR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), it is imperative to develop indices for specific populations. Therefore, we proposed and validated sex-specific indices to identify CR associated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation or MetS in Mexican adults. Additionally, a cut-off value for the visceral fat area (VFA) to identify CR was proposed. Clinical, anthropometric, biochemical, and body composition variables were evaluated in 904 subjects (25–45 years old) (84.4% men). Multiple and logistic regressions were used to model the indices and ROC curve analysis to determine predictive performance. An additional cohort (n = 186) was used for indices validation, and Cohen’s kappa coefficient was employed for agreement analysis. The proposed sex-specific indices, called Mexican adiposity indices (MAIs) and biochemical–anthropometric indices (BAIs), were good predictors for CR and MetS. The kappa coefficients showed a moderate agreement level. The VFA cut-off value chosen to identify CR was 100.3 cm² because it had the best combination of sensitivity (66.8%) and specificity (64.4%). MAIs and BAIs could be clinical tools to identify either CR associated to VAT accumulation or MetS, respectively. A VFA cut-off value of 100.3 cm² could identify CR in Mexican men.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the movement patterns and mental health of university teachers changed after returning to on-site class activities following the COVID-19 lockdown. Specifically, it compared levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior time (SBT), active breaks (ABs), and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among university teachers during online and on-site teaching periods. We also analyzed the association between movement patterns with psychological and anthropometric variables. Methods: University teachers who engaged in online teaching activities because of the COVID-19 restrictions and returned to on-site classes were included. Each teacher wore an accelerometer and answered the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. The following parameters were assessed: SBT, light (LPA), moderate (MPA), and vigorous (VPA) (min/day); moderate–vigorous PA (MVPA) (min/week); steps/day and ABs/day. Results: Thirty-seven teachers with complete data from both phases were included. Once the on-site teaching activities resumed, LPA (9 min/day), MPA (6 min/day), total PA (20 min/day), MVPA (49 min/week), and steps/day (1100) significantly increased. While SBT showed no changes, ABs/day bouts increased. Depression and stress symptoms improved upon returning to on-site teaching activities. A positive association was identified between SBT and waist circumference (WC). There were negative associations between steps/day and MVPA with body mass index (BMI), steps/day with WC, and LPA with stress symptoms. Conclusions: Upon returning to on-site teaching activities, PA levels, steps/day, and ABs/day bouts all increased, although SBT remained elevated compared with during the lockdown. The teachers’ psychological symptoms improved. PA was associated with better health markers, while SBT was associated with increased WC.