This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Background: The importance of daily physical activity is crucial for healthy development during the early years. Currently, a formal written physical activity policy is lacking in Canadian childcare centers, but holds promise for offering consistent physical activity opportunities. With eight recommendations, the Childcare PLAY policy is an evidence-informed, institutional-level document, targeting children’s physical activity, outdoor play, and sedentary time. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Childcare Physical Activity (PLAY) policy on the physical activity and sedentary time of young children (18 months–4 years) in childcare. Methods: Nine childcare centers in London, Ontario participated in the cluster, randomized controlled trial. The centers in the control condition (n = 4) continued their typical daily routines, while the centers in the intervention condition (n = 5) implemented the PLAY policy for eight weeks. To assess physical activity levels, toddlers and preschoolers wore ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers for five consecutive days during childcare hours, at baseline, mid- and post-intervention, and at the six-month follow-up. Raw accelerometry data were converted to 15 s epochs, and age- and device-specific cut-points were applied. The participants with two or more days of at least 5 h/day of wear-time at baseline, and at one additional time point, were included in the linear mixed-effects models. An adjusted alpha (p< 0.017) was used to account for multiple comparison bias. Results: A total of 148 children (31.92 ± 7.41 months) had valid accelerometry data. The intervention resulted in a significant increase in light physical activity among the participants in the experimental group at the six-month follow-up (+1.07 min/h, an 11.16% increase; p = 0.0017). The intervention did not have a statistically significant effect on the total physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, or sedentary time. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the Childcare PLAY policy was effective at increasing the toddlers’ and preschoolers’ light physical activity. This pilot intervention appears promising for supporting some improved movement behaviors among children in childcare settings; however, additional investigations are needed to explore the feasibility and effectiveness with larger and more-diverse samples.
Monika Szpunar; Molly Driediger; Andrew Johnson; Leigh Vanderloo; Shauna Burke; Jennifer Irwin; Jacob Shelley; Brian Timmons; Patricia Tucker. Impact of the Childcare Physical Activity (PLAY) Policy on Young Children’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Time: A Pilot Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7468 .
AMA StyleMonika Szpunar, Molly Driediger, Andrew Johnson, Leigh Vanderloo, Shauna Burke, Jennifer Irwin, Jacob Shelley, Brian Timmons, Patricia Tucker. Impact of the Childcare Physical Activity (PLAY) Policy on Young Children’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Time: A Pilot Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7468.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonika Szpunar; Molly Driediger; Andrew Johnson; Leigh Vanderloo; Shauna Burke; Jennifer Irwin; Jacob Shelley; Brian Timmons; Patricia Tucker. 2021. "Impact of the Childcare Physical Activity (PLAY) Policy on Young Children’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Time: A Pilot Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7468.
The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of deliberate acts of kindness (DAKs) plus access to a stress management booklet (intervention), compared to the booklet alone (control) on the stress-related outcomes of resilience, social interaction anxiety, affect, and mood of undergraduate and graduate students. Participants’ study-related experiences were also explored, as were the types of DAKs. This repeated-measures, randomized controlled trial included 112 students (80 undergraduate and 32 graduate) with 56 in each condition. Four previously validated scales were implemented at baseline, immediate post-intervention, and 3-months post-intervention. A linear mixed effects model was utilized with group and time entered as fixed effects. Content analysis of open-ended question responses and DAKs logs was conducted. The KISS of Kindness II had a statistically significant interaction effect on the intervention group participants’ resilience (p = 0.0099), social anxiety (p = 0.0016), and negative affect (p = 0.0033), but had no significant impact on their positive affect or mood. Intervention participants described improvements in mental wellbeing. DAKs were plentiful (1,542 DAKs, 26 types), and show promise for university-based mental health interventions.
Katie J. Shillington; Andrew M. Johnson; Tara Mantler; Shauna M. Burke; Jennifer D. Irwin. Kindness as an Intervention for Student Social Interaction Anxiety, Resilience, Affect, and Mood: The KISS of Kindness Study II. Journal of Happiness Studies 2021, 1 -31.
AMA StyleKatie J. Shillington, Andrew M. Johnson, Tara Mantler, Shauna M. Burke, Jennifer D. Irwin. Kindness as an Intervention for Student Social Interaction Anxiety, Resilience, Affect, and Mood: The KISS of Kindness Study II. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2021; ():1-31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatie J. Shillington; Andrew M. Johnson; Tara Mantler; Shauna M. Burke; Jennifer D. Irwin. 2021. "Kindness as an Intervention for Student Social Interaction Anxiety, Resilience, Affect, and Mood: The KISS of Kindness Study II." Journal of Happiness Studies , no. : 1-31.
The Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) policy was an evidence-informed, eight-item institutional-level policy document targeting children’s physical activity, outdoor play, and sedentary time. Nine childcare centers in London, Ontario, participated in this cluster, randomized controlled trial. Early Childhood Educators allocated to the experimental group, from five childcare centers in London, Ontario, implemented the policy for young children (18 months to 4 years) for 8 weeks and documented adherence to each policy item (i.e., dose) in daily logs. Program evaluation surveys ( n = 21) and interviews ( n = 10) were completed postintervention to assess Early Childhood Educators’ perspectives of feasibility, context, enjoyment, communication between researchers and childcare staff, and likelihood of future implementation. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and thematic analysis was conducted. Adherence to policy items ranged from 16.5% (for delivery of shorter, more frequent outdoor periods) to 85.9% (for delivery of unstructured/child-directed play). Participants reported effective communication between the research team and childcare centers (0 = not at all effective to 5 = very effective; M = 4.20; SD = 0.83) but noted that they were unlikely to continue the implementation of more frequent outdoor periods (0 = not at all likely to 5 = extremely likely; M = 2.19; SD = 1.21). Interview themes included weather as a prominent barrier and the use of verbal prompts as a solution for implementing the policy. As this was a small and short-term intervention, this pilot study offers important insight on larger scale policy interventions aimed at increasing physical activity and minimizing sedentary time among children enrolled in childcare.
Monika Szpunar; Andrew M. Johnson; Molly Driediger; Shauna M. Burke; Jennifer D. Irwin; Jacob Shelley; Brian W. Timmons; Leigh M. Vanderloo; Patricia Tucker. Implementation Adherence and Perspectives of the Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: A Process Evaluation. Health Education & Behavior 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMonika Szpunar, Andrew M. Johnson, Molly Driediger, Shauna M. Burke, Jennifer D. Irwin, Jacob Shelley, Brian W. Timmons, Leigh M. Vanderloo, Patricia Tucker. Implementation Adherence and Perspectives of the Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: A Process Evaluation. Health Education & Behavior. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonika Szpunar; Andrew M. Johnson; Molly Driediger; Shauna M. Burke; Jennifer D. Irwin; Jacob Shelley; Brian W. Timmons; Leigh M. Vanderloo; Patricia Tucker. 2021. "Implementation Adherence and Perspectives of the Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: A Process Evaluation." Health Education & Behavior , no. : 1.
Background Early childhood educators play a prominent role in promoting healthy activity behaviours in childcare. However, they have expressed that they lack the appropriate pre-service training to confidently lead physical activity (PA), and minimize sedentary behaviour (SB), in childcare. As such, the purpose of this Delphi study was to generate and reach agreement on content areas for inclusion in a PA and SB e-Learning module for Early Childhood Education (ECE) students. Methods Purposeful sampling of Canadian/international researchers was used to form two expert panels: a PA/SB expert panel (n = 26), and a Canadian ECE panel (n = 35). The PA/SB experts suggested their top 12 PA/SB topics for the module via online survey. These topics were then pooled to generate a list of 19 content areas. In a second online survey, both panels of experts rated the importance of each content area (0 = unimportant to 5 = very important). Mean ratings (M) were ranked separately for each panel, and then ratings were pooled to create an overall ranking of the 19 content areas. Inter-panel agreement of importance rankings was visually represented as a scatterplot and quantified using Spearman’s rho (rs). Results The top-rated content area was Outdoor Play (M = 4.77 ± 0.64), followed by Benefits of PA in the Early Years (M = 4.75 ± 0.66), and Factors Influencing PA and SB in Childcare (M = 4.71 ± .74). Monitor PA and Sedentary Time Within Your Classroom had the lowest combined score (M = 3.77 ± 1.44). There was moderate-to strong inter-panel agreement for content area importance rankings (rs = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.83). The majority of the ECE expert panel considered this training important for ECE students (94.3%), aligning with ECE curriculum objectives (91.4%) and accreditation standards (78.8%), and complementary to the present ECE curriculum (88.6%). Conclusions Providing PA and SB training to ECE students is a proactive way to ensure healthy movement behaviours are prioritized in childcare programming. With the PA/SB expert-developed content areas, and endorsement by the ECE expert panel, implementing this training within ECE programs is a necessary next step.
Brianne A. Bruijns; Andrew M. Johnson; Patricia Tucker. Content development for a physical activity and sedentary behaviour e-learning module for early childhood education students: a Delphi study. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1 -10.
AMA StyleBrianne A. Bruijns, Andrew M. Johnson, Patricia Tucker. Content development for a physical activity and sedentary behaviour e-learning module for early childhood education students: a Delphi study. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrianne A. Bruijns; Andrew M. Johnson; Patricia Tucker. 2020. "Content development for a physical activity and sedentary behaviour e-learning module for early childhood education students: a Delphi study." BMC Public Health 20, no. 1: 1-10.
Crowdsourcing, an open call for the public to collaborate and participate in problem solving, has been increasingly employed as a method in health-related research studies. Various reviews of the literature across different disciplines found crowdsourcing being used for data collection, processing, and analysis as well as tasks such as problem solving, data processing, surveillance/monitoring, and surveying. Studies on crowdsourcing tend to focus on its use of software, technology and online platforms, or its application for the purposes previously noted. There is need for further exploration to understand how best to use crowdsourcing for research, as there is limited guidance for researchers who are undertaking crowdsourcing for the purposes of scientific study. Numerous authors have identified gaps in research related to crowdsourcing, including a lack of decision aids to assist researchers using crowdsourcing, and best-practice guidelines. This exploratory study looks at crowdsourcing as a research method by understanding how and why it is being used, through application of a modified Delphi technique. It begins to articulate how crowdsourcing is applied in practice by researchers, and its alignment with existing research methods. The result is a conceptual framework for crowdsourcing, developed within traditional and existing research approaches as a first step toward its use in research.
H. Bassi; L. Misener; A. M. Johnson. Crowdsourcing for Research: Perspectives From a Delphi Panel. SAGE Open 2020, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleH. Bassi, L. Misener, A. M. Johnson. Crowdsourcing for Research: Perspectives From a Delphi Panel. SAGE Open. 2020; 10 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH. Bassi; L. Misener; A. M. Johnson. 2020. "Crowdsourcing for Research: Perspectives From a Delphi Panel." SAGE Open 10, no. 4: 1.
Adults and children in Canada are not meeting physical activity guidelines nor consuming sufficient nutrient-rich foods. High engagement in these unhealthy behaviours can lead to obesity and its associated diseases. Parent-child interventions aimed at obesity prevention/treatment have assisted families with making positive changes to their nutrition and physical activity behaviours. Given that the home environment shapes early health behaviours, it is important to target both parents and children when addressing diet and physical activity. One method that has been shown to improve health outcomes is co-active coaching. The current study explored the impact of a three-month co-active coaching and/or health education intervention on the dietary intake and physical activity behaviours of parents with overweight/obesity and their children (ages 2.5–10; of any weight). Body composition (i.e., body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference), changes in parental motivation with respect to physical activity and dietary behaviours, and parental perceptions of program improvements were collected. A concurrent mixed methods study comprised of a randomized controlled trial and a descriptive qualitative design was utilized. Fifty parent-child dyads were recruited and randomly assigned to the control (n = 25) or intervention (n = 25) group. Assessments were completed at baseline, mid-intervention (six weeks), post-intervention (three months), and six-month follow-up. A linear mixed effects model was utilized for quantitative analysis. Inductive content analysis was used to extract themes from parent interviews. No significant results were observed over time for the dependent measures. Parents in both control and intervention groups reported varied program experiences, including developing changes in perspective, increased awareness of habits, and heightened accountability for making positive changes in themselves, and consequently, their families. Parents also shared barriers they faced when implementing changes (e.g., time, weather, stress). Qualitatively, both groups reported benefitting from this program, with the intervention group describing salient benefits from engaging in coaching. This research expands on the utility of coaching as a method for behaviour change, when compared to education only, in parents with overweight/obesity and their children.
Shazya Karmali; Danielle S. Battram; Shauna M. Burke; Anita Cramp; Andrew M. Johnson; Tara Mantler; Don Morrow; Victor Ng; Erin S. Pearson; Robert J. Petrella; Patricia Tucker; Jennifer D. Irwin. Perspectives and Impact of a Parent-Child Intervention on Dietary Intake and Physical Activity Behaviours, Parental Motivation, and Parental Body Composition: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6822 .
AMA StyleShazya Karmali, Danielle S. Battram, Shauna M. Burke, Anita Cramp, Andrew M. Johnson, Tara Mantler, Don Morrow, Victor Ng, Erin S. Pearson, Robert J. Petrella, Patricia Tucker, Jennifer D. Irwin. Perspectives and Impact of a Parent-Child Intervention on Dietary Intake and Physical Activity Behaviours, Parental Motivation, and Parental Body Composition: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6822.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShazya Karmali; Danielle S. Battram; Shauna M. Burke; Anita Cramp; Andrew M. Johnson; Tara Mantler; Don Morrow; Victor Ng; Erin S. Pearson; Robert J. Petrella; Patricia Tucker; Jennifer D. Irwin. 2020. "Perspectives and Impact of a Parent-Child Intervention on Dietary Intake and Physical Activity Behaviours, Parental Motivation, and Parental Body Composition: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6822.
This study assessed the incremental impact of performing acts of kindness, beyond the benefits seen from providing a resource booklet on stress management (that is available to all students at the host institution) with regard to the affect, social interaction anxiety, and mood of undergraduate students. This repeated-measures mixed methods study involved 69 full-time undergraduate students allocated to the intervention (kindness + stress booklet; n = 35) or comparator (stress booklet; n = 34) condition. The Brief Mood Introspection Scale, the International-Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Short Form, and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale-Straightforward were administered at pre- and immediate post-intervention. Inductive content analysis was performed on open-ended questions exploring participants’ experiences with the study. No statistically significant results were found. Several themes highlighted self-perceived improvements in the wellbeing of intervention group participants. This study was perceived as a positive experience by many participants and demonstrated promise for a larger-scale university-based intervention.
Katie J. Shillington; Andrew M. Johnson; Tara Mantler; Jennifer D. Irwin. Kindness as an Intervention for Student Social Interaction Anxiety, Affect, and Mood: The KISS of Kindness Study. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology 2020, 6, 23 -44.
AMA StyleKatie J. Shillington, Andrew M. Johnson, Tara Mantler, Jennifer D. Irwin. Kindness as an Intervention for Student Social Interaction Anxiety, Affect, and Mood: The KISS of Kindness Study. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology. 2020; 6 (1):23-44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatie J. Shillington; Andrew M. Johnson; Tara Mantler; Jennifer D. Irwin. 2020. "Kindness as an Intervention for Student Social Interaction Anxiety, Affect, and Mood: The KISS of Kindness Study." International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology 6, no. 1: 23-44.
Andrew M. Johnson. Heritability of Personality Traits. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences 2020, 1916 -1923.
AMA StyleAndrew M. Johnson. Heritability of Personality Traits. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. 2020; ():1916-1923.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew M. Johnson. 2020. "Heritability of Personality Traits." Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences , no. : 1916-1923.
Purpose: Cognitive deficits and gait and balance problems are progressive in people with Alzheimer’s dementia. Yet, mobility aids are associated with an increased falls risk in people with dementia. Our objectives were to identify the perceptions of people living with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s dementia, and their caregivers, on the use of mobility aids. Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews was conducted. Community-dwelling older adults with dementia attending a day hospital program were recruited. Thematic analysis was conducted and the text was coded into broad themes aligned with the research questions. The coded text was examined for patterns and similarities, and grouped to form inductive themes. Results: Twenty-four people (12 living with dementia and their 12 caregivers) participated. Five themes were identified: (1) acknowledgement of need; (2) protecting a sense of self; (3) caregiver oversight and relief of burden; (4) healthcare professional involvement; (5) environment and design of aids. Conclusions: The findings suggest that people with Alzheimer’s dementia and their caregivers regard mobility aid use as increasing independence. There is a role for healthcare professionals to be involved in the prescription, provision and training for use of mobility aids among people living with dementia to ensure uptake and safety.
Susan W. Hunter; Claudia Meyer; Alison Divine; Keith D. Hill; Andrew Johnson; Walter Wittich; Jeff Holmes. The experiences of people with Alzheimer’s dementia and their caregivers in acquiring and using a mobility aid: a qualitative study. Disability and Rehabilitation 2020, 1 -8.
AMA StyleSusan W. Hunter, Claudia Meyer, Alison Divine, Keith D. Hill, Andrew Johnson, Walter Wittich, Jeff Holmes. The experiences of people with Alzheimer’s dementia and their caregivers in acquiring and using a mobility aid: a qualitative study. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2020; ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusan W. Hunter; Claudia Meyer; Alison Divine; Keith D. Hill; Andrew Johnson; Walter Wittich; Jeff Holmes. 2020. "The experiences of people with Alzheimer’s dementia and their caregivers in acquiring and using a mobility aid: a qualitative study." Disability and Rehabilitation , no. : 1-8.
Background Early experiences in physical activity (PA) are important to shape healthy movement behaviours long-term; as such, it is critical that PA is promoted from infancy, and that detrimental behaviours (e.g., prolonged sedentary time [ST]) are minimized. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine infants’ and toddlers’ movement behaviours across daytime hours. Methods Seven online databases were searched for terms related to infants (< 12 months), toddlers (12–35.9 months), PA, ST, and accelerometry. Two independent reviewers examined 4873 articles for peer-reviewed original research, published in English, that assessed infants’ (counts/min) and/or toddlers’ PA or ST (min/day) using accelerometry across daytime hours. Infants’ mean PA level (counts/min) was averaged across studies, and ranges were produced. Estimates of toddlers’ movement behaviours were aggregated meta-analytically to produce average daily rates, and accelerometer placement, cut-point validity, device type, and epoch length were tested as a moderating variables. Results Twenty-four studies from 16 countries (published 2011–2019), representing 3699 participants, were included in the systematic review. Five studies reported on infants’ PA, which ranged from 78.2 to 2580.5 cpm. Across 20 studies, toddlers’ total PA, light PA, moderate-to vigorous-intensity PA, and ST ranged from 72.9 to 636.5, 48.5 to 582.4, 6.5 to 89.9, and 172.7 to 545.0 min/day, respectively. After taking into account accelerometer placement, cut-point validity, device type, and epoch length, we found that toddlers engaged in 246.19 min/day (SE = 28.50; 95% CI: 190.34, 302.04) of total PA, 194.10 min/day (SE = 28.76; 95% CI: 137.73, 250.47) of light PA, and 60.16 min/day (SE = 5.88; 95% CI: 48.64, 71.69) of moderate-to vigorous-intensity PA. Toddlers engaged in 337.04 min/day (SE = 32.67; 95% CI: 273.01, 401.07) of ST. Conclusions With limited studies conducted in infants (n = 5), PA estimates are inconclusive and largely heterogeneous. Overall, toddlers tend to exceed the total PA recommendation of 180 min/day; however, very little of this time is spent at higher movement intensities. Even with high PA rates, toddlers still engage in substantial ST. More consistent and valid measurement protocols are needed to improve comparability across studies.
Brianne A. Bruijns; Stephanie Truelove; Andrew M. Johnson; Jason Gilliland; Patricia Tucker. Infants’ and toddlers’ physical activity and sedentary time as measured by accelerometry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2020, 17, 1 -14.
AMA StyleBrianne A. Bruijns, Stephanie Truelove, Andrew M. Johnson, Jason Gilliland, Patricia Tucker. Infants’ and toddlers’ physical activity and sedentary time as measured by accelerometry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2020; 17 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrianne A. Bruijns; Stephanie Truelove; Andrew M. Johnson; Jason Gilliland; Patricia Tucker. 2020. "Infants’ and toddlers’ physical activity and sedentary time as measured by accelerometry: a systematic review and meta-analysis." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 17, no. 1: 1-14.
Background: Young children are prone to low levels of physical activity in childcare. This environment, inclusive of equipment, policies, and staff, has been identified as influencing young children’s activity behaviours. To date, no study has examined the feasibility and effectiveness of such policies in Canadian childcare centres, while the provision of physical activity policies in other countries has shown some promise for improving the activity levels of young children. As such, the primary objective of the Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy study is to examine the feasibility of an evidence-based, stakeholder-informed, written physical activity and sedentary time policy for centre-based childcare (i.e., at the institutional level). The secondary objectives are to examine the impact of policy implementation on the physical activity levels and sedentary time of young children, subsequent environmental changes in childcare centres, and childcare providers’ self-efficacy to implement a physical activity policy. This study will examine both policy implementation and individual (behavioural) outcomes. Methods/Design: The Childcare PLAY Policy study, a pilot, cluster-randomized controlled trial, involves the random allocation of childcare centres to either the experimental (n = 4) or control (n = 4) group. Childcare centres in the experimental group will adopt a written physical activity policy for eight weeks (at which time they will be asked to stop enforcing the policy). Physical activity levels and sedentary time in childcare will be assessed via ActiGraph™ accelerometers with measurements at baseline (i.e., week 0), mid-intervention (i.e., week 4), immediately post-intervention (i.e., week 9), and at six-month follow-up. Policy implementation and feasibility will be assessed using surveys and interviews with childcare staff. The Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation Self-Report tool will capture potential changes to the childcare setting. Finally, childcare providers’ self-efficacy will be captured via a study-specific questionnaire. A nested evaluation of the impact of policy implementation on young children’s physical activity levels will be completed. A linear mixed effects models will be used to assess intervention effects on the primary and secondary outcomes. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis will be employed to assess the feasibility of policy implementation. Discussion: The Childcare PLAY Policy study aims to address the low levels of physical activity and high sedentary time observed in childcare centres by providing direction to childcare staff via a written set of evidence-informed standards to encourage young children’s activity and reduce sedentary time. The findings of this work will highlight specific aspects of the policy that worked and will inform modifications that may be needed to enhance scalability. Policy-based approaches to increasing physical activity affordances in childcare may inform future regulations and programming within this environment.
Patricia Tucker; Molly Driediger; Leigh M. Vanderloo; Shauna M. Burke; Jennifer D. Irwin; Andrew M. Johnson; Jacob Shelley; Brian W. Timmons. Exploring the Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: Rationale and Protocol for a Pilot, Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4400 .
AMA StylePatricia Tucker, Molly Driediger, Leigh M. Vanderloo, Shauna M. Burke, Jennifer D. Irwin, Andrew M. Johnson, Jacob Shelley, Brian W. Timmons. Exploring the Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: Rationale and Protocol for a Pilot, Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (22):4400.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricia Tucker; Molly Driediger; Leigh M. Vanderloo; Shauna M. Burke; Jennifer D. Irwin; Andrew M. Johnson; Jacob Shelley; Brian W. Timmons. 2019. "Exploring the Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Childcare PhysicaL ActivitY (PLAY) Policy: Rationale and Protocol for a Pilot, Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22: 4400.
Most head impacts in soccer occur from purposeful heading; however, the link between heading and neurological impairment is unknown. Previous work suggests concussion may result in an uncoupling between the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular system. Accordingly, heart rate variability (HRV) may be a sensitive measure to provide meaningful information regarding repetitive heading in soccer. The purpose of this pilot study assesses the feasibility of measuring HRV to evaluate autonomic function following soccer heading. Sixteen youth female participants underwent heart rate monitoring during a heading and footing condition. Participants completed a five minute resting supine trial at the start and end of each testing session. Standard 450 g soccer balls were projected at 6 m/s towards participants. Participants performed five headers, for the header condition, and five footers for the footer condition. The HRV for resting supine trials, pre- and post-header and footer conditions were assessed for both time and frequency domains. HRV effect sizes were small when comparing conditions, except absolute low frequency (d = 0.61) and standard deviation of the normal-normal (NN) intervals (d = 0.63). Participant retention and adherence were high, without adverse events. Findings suggest HRV is a feasible measure for evaluating the effects of heading on autonomic function.
Alexandra B. Harriss; Kolten Abbott; Kurt Kimpinski; Jeffrey D. Holmes; Andrew M. Johnson; David M. Walton; James P. Dickey. An Evaluation of Heart Rate Variability in Female Youth Soccer Players Following Soccer Heading: A Pilot Study. Sports 2019, 7, 229 .
AMA StyleAlexandra B. Harriss, Kolten Abbott, Kurt Kimpinski, Jeffrey D. Holmes, Andrew M. Johnson, David M. Walton, James P. Dickey. An Evaluation of Heart Rate Variability in Female Youth Soccer Players Following Soccer Heading: A Pilot Study. Sports. 2019; 7 (11):229.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra B. Harriss; Kolten Abbott; Kurt Kimpinski; Jeffrey D. Holmes; Andrew M. Johnson; David M. Walton; James P. Dickey. 2019. "An Evaluation of Heart Rate Variability in Female Youth Soccer Players Following Soccer Heading: A Pilot Study." Sports 7, no. 11: 229.
Children’s physical activity levels are higher at the start of outdoor playtime, which suggests that shorter, more frequent play periods might result in greater amounts of daily physical activity. In this extension of the Supporting Physical Activity in the Childcare Environment (SPACE) cluster randomized controlled trial, we explored the impact of four 30-min daily outdoor unstructured play periods on preschoolers’ moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Experimental childcare centres (n = 6) implemented four 30-min daily outdoor playtimes for 8 weeks, while control centres (n = 6) maintained their two 60-min outdoor sessions. Actical™ accelerometers were used to measure preschoolers’ physical activity pre- and post-intervention for 5 days during childcare hours. Linear mixed effects models were used to determine the impact of the intervention on preschoolers’ MVPA. Of the 185 preschoolers enrolled (54.20% female; mean age = 39.90 months, SD = 7.24), 127 (65 experimental and 62 control) were included in the analysis (30% and 9% loss to follow-up for experimental and control group preschoolers, respectively). No significant differences in MVPA were observed between groups over time (p = 0.36). Preschoolers’ MVPA did not improve after the introduction of shorter outdoor play periods. The loss of data due to wear time noncompliance and participant attrition may have influenced these findings. Trial registration: ISRCTN70604107 (October 8, 2014).
Molly Driediger; Stephanie Truelove; Andrew M. Johnson; Leigh M. Vanderloo; Brian W. Timmons; Shauna M. Burke; Jennifer D. Irwin; Patricia Tucker. The Impact of Shorter, More Frequent Outdoor Play Periods on Preschoolers’ Physical Activity during Childcare: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4126 .
AMA StyleMolly Driediger, Stephanie Truelove, Andrew M. Johnson, Leigh M. Vanderloo, Brian W. Timmons, Shauna M. Burke, Jennifer D. Irwin, Patricia Tucker. The Impact of Shorter, More Frequent Outdoor Play Periods on Preschoolers’ Physical Activity during Childcare: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (21):4126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMolly Driediger; Stephanie Truelove; Andrew M. Johnson; Leigh M. Vanderloo; Brian W. Timmons; Shauna M. Burke; Jennifer D. Irwin; Patricia Tucker. 2019. "The Impact of Shorter, More Frequent Outdoor Play Periods on Preschoolers’ Physical Activity during Childcare: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4126.
Several studies of neurocognitive differences between selected samples of nonimpact and impact patients experiencing mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in a single motor vehicle accident have been conducted. The results suggested comparable and essentially normal brain-related cognitive skills for these clinical groups, but with notable exceptions for nonimpact individuals involving tactile- and visual-spatial perceptual and memory deficiencies. These findings raised the possibility that some nonimpact patients were experiencing dysfunction of post-central cerebral regions due to neck injury that was interfering with vertebral artery function. Neck injury was presented in this study as a hypothetical correlate of vertebral artery dysfunction. The hypothesis that neck injury was more likely for this sample of nonimpact mTBI patients was tested by comparing frequencies of neck injury complaints and diagnostic conclusions of neck injury, and agreement between these variables, for nonimpact and impact patients. While frequency differences for neck injury complaints and diagnostic conclusions did not quite achieve statistical significance, concordance between these variables was significantly higher for nonimpact individuals. Agreement between neck injury complaints and diagnostic conclusions was significantly more likely for nonimpact patients, supporting the possibility of a notable relationship between nonimpact mTBI and neck injury in motor vehicle collisions.
James E. Sweeney; Andrew M. Johnson. Neck injury following nonimpact mild traumatic brain injury in motor vehicle collisions. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 2019, 28, 479 -485.
AMA StyleJames E. Sweeney, Andrew M. Johnson. Neck injury following nonimpact mild traumatic brain injury in motor vehicle collisions. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. 2019; 28 (4):479-485.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames E. Sweeney; Andrew M. Johnson. 2019. "Neck injury following nonimpact mild traumatic brain injury in motor vehicle collisions." Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 28, no. 4: 479-485.
Sweeney and Johnson found that response time on the Tactile Form Recognition Test (TFR) of the Halstead-Reitan Test Battery (HRB) requiring speeded tactile- and visual-spatial recognition was deficient for Nonimpact mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) individuals in comparison to Impact mTBI and No mTBI participants. A follow-up study by Sweeney and Slade noted that skills most sensitive to Deficient TFR performance of mTBI subjects involved tactile-spatial perception, with lateralization of inferior performances contralateral to cerebral regions known to specialize in the spatial skills required. The current study compared frequencies of HRB Pathognomonic Signs, atypical Score Patterns, and abnormal Right-Left Differences for Nonimpact mTBI groups that exhibited Deficient, Perfectly Normal, or Normal TFR performances. The only statistically significant finding was that the Deficient TFR group produced a disproportionately greater number of errors with the right hand relative to the left hand on Fingertip Number Writing Perception. Deficient TFR mTBI individuals were 5.29 times more likely to commit errors with the right hand on the Fingertip Number Writing Perception Test than Perfectly Normal and Normal TFR mTBI subjects. Tentative clinical markers of neuropsychological changes that appear to be associated with Nonimpact mTBI, based on a series of investigations, were provided.
James E. Sweeney; Andrew M. Johnson. Exploratory study of HRB signs, patterns, and right-left differences relating to spatial cognition following nonimpact mild traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 2019, 27, 532 -539.
AMA StyleJames E. Sweeney, Andrew M. Johnson. Exploratory study of HRB signs, patterns, and right-left differences relating to spatial cognition following nonimpact mild traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. 2019; 27 (6):532-539.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames E. Sweeney; Andrew M. Johnson. 2019. "Exploratory study of HRB signs, patterns, and right-left differences relating to spatial cognition following nonimpact mild traumatic brain injury." Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 27, no. 6: 532-539.
Purpose The misuse of standardized assessments has been a long-standing concern in speech-language pathology and traditionally viewed as an issue of clinician competency and training. The purpose of this article is to consider the contribution of communication breakdowns between test developers and the end users to this issue. Method We considered the misuse of standardized assessments through the lens of the 2-communities theory, in which standardized tests are viewed as a product developed in 1 community (researchers/test developers) to be used by another community (frontline clinicians). Under this view, optimal test development involves a conversation to which both parties bring unique expertise and perspectives. Results Consideration of the interpretations that standardized tests are typically validated to support revealed a mismatch between these and the interpretations and decisions that speech-language pathologists typically need to make. Test development using classical test theory, which underpins many of the tests in our field, contributes to this mismatch. Application of item response theory could better equip clinicians with the psychometric evidence to support the interpretations they desire but is not commonly found in the standardized tests used by speech-language pathologists. Conclusions Advocacy and insistence on the consideration of clinical perspectives and decision making in the test validation process is a necessary part of our role. In improving the nature of the statistical evidence reported in standardized assessments, we can ensure these tools are appropriate to fulfill our professional obligations in a clinically feasible way.
Olivia Daub; Elizabeth Skarakis-Doyle; Marlene P. Bagatto; Andrew M. Johnson; Janis Oram Cardy. A Comment on Test Validation: The Importance of the Clinical Perspective. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 2019, 28, 204 -210.
AMA StyleOlivia Daub, Elizabeth Skarakis-Doyle, Marlene P. Bagatto, Andrew M. Johnson, Janis Oram Cardy. A Comment on Test Validation: The Importance of the Clinical Perspective. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2019; 28 (1):204-210.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlivia Daub; Elizabeth Skarakis-Doyle; Marlene P. Bagatto; Andrew M. Johnson; Janis Oram Cardy. 2019. "A Comment on Test Validation: The Importance of the Clinical Perspective." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 28, no. 1: 204-210.
This article examines the application of crowdsourcing in research studies. The aim of this study is to understand how crowdsourcing is being used in research by undertaking a content analysis of studies posted to an online site designed to facilitate crowdsourced research. While there are a number of websites that facilitate crowdsourcing, this study provides an analysis only of research studies posted on crowdcrafting.org . Characteristics of crowdsourcing, proposed by Estellés-Arolas and González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, served as the framework for the content analysis, and research projects were evaluated as to how they addressed each of the proposed criteria. This article concludes with recommendations for researchers undertaking the design and implementation of projects employing crowdsourcing.
Harpreet Bassi; Christopher J Lee; Laura Misener; Andrew M Johnson. Exploring the characteristics of crowdsourcing: An online observational study. Journal of Information Science 2019, 46, 291 -312.
AMA StyleHarpreet Bassi, Christopher J Lee, Laura Misener, Andrew M Johnson. Exploring the characteristics of crowdsourcing: An online observational study. Journal of Information Science. 2019; 46 (3):291-312.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarpreet Bassi; Christopher J Lee; Laura Misener; Andrew M Johnson. 2019. "Exploring the characteristics of crowdsourcing: An online observational study." Journal of Information Science 46, no. 3: 291-312.
Patient-reported outcome measures developed using Classical Test Theory are commonly comprised of ordinal level items on a Likert response scale are problematic as they do not permit the results to be compared between patients. Rasch analysis provides a solution to overcome this by evaluating the measurement characteristics of the rating scales using probability estimates. This is typically achieved using commercial software dedicated to Rasch analysis however, it is possible to conduct this analysis using non-specific open source software such a R. Rasch analysis was conducted using the most commonly used commercial software package, RUMM 2030, and R, using four open-source packages, with a common data set (6-month post-injury PRWE Questionnaire responses) to evaluate the statistical results for consistency. The analysis plan followed recommendations used in a similar study supported by the software package’s instructions in order to obtain category thresholds, item and person fit statistics, measures of reliability and evaluate the data for construct validity, differential item functioning, local dependency and unidimensionality of the items. There was substantial agreement between RUMM2030 and R with regards for most of the results, however there are some small discrepancies between the output of the two programs. While the differences in output between RUMM2030 and R can easily be explained by comparing the underlying statistical approaches taken by each program, there is disagreement on critical statistical decisions made by each program. This disagreement however should not be an issue as Rasch analysis requires users to apply their own subjective analysis. While researchers might expect that Rasch performed on a large sample would be a stable, two authors who complete Rasch analysis of the PRWE found somewhat dissimilar findings. So, while some variations in results may be due to samples, this paper adds that some variation in findings may be software dependent.
Michael Robinson; Andrew M. Johnson; David M. Walton; Joy C. MacDermid. A comparison of the polytomous Rasch analysis output of RUMM2030 and R (ltm/eRm/TAM/lordif). BMC Medical Research Methodology 2019, 19, 36 .
AMA StyleMichael Robinson, Andrew M. Johnson, David M. Walton, Joy C. MacDermid. A comparison of the polytomous Rasch analysis output of RUMM2030 and R (ltm/eRm/TAM/lordif). BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2019; 19 (1):36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Robinson; Andrew M. Johnson; David M. Walton; Joy C. MacDermid. 2019. "A comparison of the polytomous Rasch analysis output of RUMM2030 and R (ltm/eRm/TAM/lordif)." BMC Medical Research Methodology 19, no. 1: 36.
A growing body of literature has explored the impact of Parkinson’s disease (PD) on fitness to drive. As such, evidence now supports the use of specific clinical tests for screening purposes, the predictive validity of risk impressions, and the critical driving errors that predict on-road pass/fail outcomes in this population. However, little is known about the lived experiences of persons with PD as they navigate driving-related concerns such as driving impairments, cessation, potential threats to independence, and community mobility. This qualitative secondary data analysis aimed to explore the driving-related lived experiences of persons with PD. We utilized summative content analysis to identify themes related to driving from transcribed interviews with nineteen community-dwelling individuals with PD who participated in the primary study. Five themes emerged within the analysis: (1) the meaning and significance of driving; (2) driving cessation; (3) modified driving behaviors; (4) factors affecting driving; and (5) accessibility. Participants identified driving as an activity that holds significant importance—both directly (i.e., as a primary activity) and as a means for enabling other activities. This study lays the foundation for the development of client-centred and evidence-informed driving interventions for individuals with PD, as well as the development of driving retirement programs.
Jeffrey D. Holmes; Liliana Alvarez; Andrew M. Johnson; Amy Robinson; Kaylie Gilhuly; Emily Horst; Aaron Kowalchuk; Kayleigh Rathwell; Yanni Reklitis; Nolan Wheildon. Driving with Parkinson’s Disease: Exploring Lived Experience. Parkinson's Disease 2019, 2019, 1 -7.
AMA StyleJeffrey D. Holmes, Liliana Alvarez, Andrew M. Johnson, Amy Robinson, Kaylie Gilhuly, Emily Horst, Aaron Kowalchuk, Kayleigh Rathwell, Yanni Reklitis, Nolan Wheildon. Driving with Parkinson’s Disease: Exploring Lived Experience. Parkinson's Disease. 2019; 2019 ():1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeffrey D. Holmes; Liliana Alvarez; Andrew M. Johnson; Amy Robinson; Kaylie Gilhuly; Emily Horst; Aaron Kowalchuk; Kayleigh Rathwell; Yanni Reklitis; Nolan Wheildon. 2019. "Driving with Parkinson’s Disease: Exploring Lived Experience." Parkinson's Disease 2019, no. : 1-7.
This study quantified the linear and angular kinematics that result from purposeful heading during youth soccer games, and the influence of game scenario and head impact location on these magnitudes. This observational study recruited thirty-six female soccer players (13.4 ± 0.9 years old) from three elite youth soccer teams (U13, U14, U15) and followed for an entire soccer season. Players wore wireless sensors during each game to quantify head impact magnitudes. A total of 60 regular season games (20 games per team) were video recorded, and purposeful heading events were categorized by game scenario (e.g. throw in), and head impact location (e.g. front of head). Game scenario had a statistically significant effect on the linear head acceleration, and rotational head velocity, that resulted from purposeful headers. Rotational velocity from purposeful headers varied significantly between head impact locations, with impacts to the top of the head (improper technique) resulting in larger peak rotational velocities than impacts to the front of the head (proper technique); this was also the case for the linear acceleration for punts. Our findings suggest that the magnitude for both linear and angular head impact kinematics depend on the game scenario and head impact location. Headers performed with the top of the head (improper technique) result in larger rotational velocities compared to the front of the head (proper technique). Accordingly, youth players should be educated on how to execute proper heading technique to reduce head impact accelerations.
Alexandra Harriss; Andrew M. Johnson; David M. Walton; James P. Dickey. Head impact magnitudes that occur from purposeful soccer heading depend on the game scenario and head impact location. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 2019, 40, 53 -57.
AMA StyleAlexandra Harriss, Andrew M. Johnson, David M. Walton, James P. Dickey. Head impact magnitudes that occur from purposeful soccer heading depend on the game scenario and head impact location. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2019; 40 ():53-57.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Harriss; Andrew M. Johnson; David M. Walton; James P. Dickey. 2019. "Head impact magnitudes that occur from purposeful soccer heading depend on the game scenario and head impact location." Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 40, no. : 53-57.