ϒ production in heavy ion collisions at RHIC energy is investigated. While the transverse momentum spectra of the ground state ϒ(1s) are controlled by the initial state Cronin effect, the excited bb¯ states are characterized by the competition between the cold and hot nuclear matter effects and sensitive to the dissociation temperatures determined by the heavy quark potential. We emphasize that it is necessary to measure the excited heavy quark states in order to extract the early stage information in high energy nuclear collisions at RHIC

We study cold and hot nuclear matter effects on charmonium production in p+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\text{NN}}=5.02$ TeV in a transport approach. At the forward rapidity, the cold medium effect on all the $c\bar c$ states and the hot medium effect on the excited $c\bar c$ states only can explain well the $J/\psi$ and $\psi'$ yield and transverse momentum distribution measured by the ALICE collaboration, and we predict a significantly larger $\psi'$ $p_\text{T}$ broadening in comparison with $J/\psi$. However, we can not reproduce the $J/\psi$ and $\psi'$ data at the backward rapidity with reasonable cold and hot medium effects.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Objective: To evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on glycolipid metabolism among type 2 diabetes patients.Methods: HIIT is consistent with an exercise program (65%-90%VO₂max or 75%-95% HRmax; exercise cycle≥2 weeks; frequency ≥ 2 times/week). A meta-analysis was conducted utilizing the random effects model to synthesize the data.Results: A total of 22 RCT studies with 1034 diabetic patients were included. Compared to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or conventional controls, HIIT yields noteworthy effects on FBG (MD: -0.55; 95% CI: -0.85- -0.25, Hedges’ g =0.98), 2h-PG (MD: -0.36; 95% CI: -0.57- -0.14, Hedges’ g =1.05), FINS (MD: -0.41; 95% CI: -0.79- -0.03, Hedges’ g =1.07), HbA1c (MD: -0.60; 95% CI: -0.84- -0.36, Hedges’ g =2.69), TC (MD: -0.58; 95% CI: -0.80- -0.36, Hedges’ g =2.36), TG (MD: -0.50; 95% CI: -0.86- -0.14, Hedges’ g =1.50), HDL (MD: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.29–0.95, Hedges’ g =1.19) and LDL (MD: -0.31; 95% CI: -0.56- -0.08, Hedges’ g =0.91), all of the above p<0.01.Conclusions: HIIT has been shown to improve glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially in HbA1c, TC, TG, and HDL. For patients between the ages of 40 and 60 with less than 5 years of disease, exercise programs of moderate to longer duration or moderate to high intensity will produce more favorable results.

Heavy-ion collisions provide a unique opportunity to study the nature of X(3872) compared with electron-positron and proton-proton (antiproton) collisions. We investigate the centrality and momentum dependence of $X\left(3872\right)$ in heavy-ion collisions via the Langevin equation and instant coalescence model (LICM). When $X\left(3872\right)$ is treated as a compact tetraquark state, the tetraquarks are produced via the coalescence of heavy and light quarks near the quantum chromodynamic phase transition due to the restoration of the heavy quark potential at $T\to T_c$. In the molecular scenario, loosely bound $X\left(3872\right)$ is produced via the coalescence of $D^0\text{−}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ mesons in a hadronic medium after kinetic freeze-out. We employ the LICM to explain both $D^0$ and $J/\psi$ production as a benchmark. Then we give predictions regarding $X\left(3872\right)$ production and the nuclear modification factor $R_{AA}^{X\left(3872\right)}$. We find that the total yield of tetraquark is several times larger than the molecular production in Pb-Pb collisions. Although the geometric size of the hadronic molecule is huge, the coalescence probability is small due to strict constraints on the relative momentum between $D^0$ and ${\overline{D}}^{*0}$ in the molecular Wigner function, which significantly suppresses the molecular yield.

We employ the Langevin equation and Wigner function to describe the bottom equark dynamical evolutions and their formation into a bound state in the expanding Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). The additional suppressions from parton inelastic scatterings are supplemented in the regenerated bottomonium. Hot medium modifications on $\Upsilon(1S)$ properties are studied consistently by taking the bottomonium potential to be the color-screened potential from Lattice results, which affects both $\Upsilon(1S)$ regeneration and dissociation rates. Finally, we calculated the $\Upsilon(1S)$ nuclear modification factor $R_{AA}^{\rm rege}$ from bottom quark combination with different diffusion coefficients in Langevin equation, representing different thermalization of bottom quarks. In the central Pb-Pb collisions (b=0) at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV, we find a non-negligible $\Upsilon(1S)$ regeneration, and it is small in the minimum bias centrality. The connections between bottomonium regeneration and bottom quark energy loss in the heavy ion collisions are also discussed.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure